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制高点-第11部分
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s on free market as a way to control the economy。
芝加哥大学名誉教授米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）：芝加哥学派的典型特征是强烈地认为要通过最小政府和自由市场来控制经济。
NARRATOR： Professors like Arnold Harberger and Milton Friedman taught their students to distrust state planning and government control。 When the Chicago Boys returned to Chile； they brought with them ideas that were a direct challenge to the dependency theory。
旁白：教授们，比如阿诺德。哈勃（Arnold Harberger）和米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman），教授他们的弟子们要打破国家计划和政府控制。当芝加哥男孩们回到智利后，他们带来了直接挑战依赖理论的新思想。
ARNOLD HARBERGER： This small group stayed together through the Allende years。 And they used to meet I think every Tuesday for lunch。 And they would keep a kind of running document which said how they would reform this economy； how this economy has to be reformed； what is to be done to get out of the swamp that they were putting themselves in。
阿诺德。哈勃（Arnold Harberger）：这个小团体在阿兰德（Allende）统治期间就聚在一起，好像是每周二聚一次吃午饭。他们还保留了一份连续的文献讨论稿，记载了他们论述经济改革必要性、如何进行经济改革、如何使经济走出泥潭的各种观点，他们全身心地投入到了经济救亡的工作中。
SERGIO DE CASTRO； Finance Minister； Chile； 19741982： Unfortunately； due to the idiosyncrasies of the military mind； the generals preferred a controlled economy； that is； an economy that would obey orders。
智利财政部长（19741982）塞尔吉奥。卡斯特罗（Sergio De Castro）：不幸的是，由于强烈的军人思想，将军们更倾向于管理经济，即，遵守命令的经济。
NARRATOR： Javier Vial； an influential businessman sympathetic to the junta； was trying to push the military in the direction of the free market。
旁白：贾威尔。维拉（Javier Vial）是一个同情军人政府的有影响力的商人，努力推动着军人政府向自由市场转变。
JAVIER VIAL： So I called Milton Friedman and invited him to e to Chile。
贾威尔。维拉（Javier Vial）：我给米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）打了电话，并邀请他到智利来。
NARRATOR： So Milton Friedman； the most famous freemarket economist in the world； came to lecture in Chile。
旁白：于是米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman），这位世界上最著名的自由市场经济学家，来到了智利并作了演讲。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： I went down to Chile and spent five days giving a series of lectures on the Chilean problem； particularly the problem of inflation and how they should proceed to do something about it。
米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）：我去了智利，并用5天的时间做了一系列关于智利问题的演讲，尤其是对通货膨胀问题，还谈到了他们该采取何种制止通货膨胀的措施。
NARRATOR： Friedman's first talk was at the Catholic University。 His theme： the inescapable link between free markets and freedom。
旁白：弗里德曼（Fridman）的首次演讲是在天主大学（Catholic University），主题是：自由市场与自由的必然联系。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： The emphasis of that talk was that free markets would undermine political centralization and political control。
米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）：那次讲座的主题是自由市场将削弱政治集权和政治操控。
ARNOLD HARBERGER： He said that that you cannot have a repressive government for long within a genuinely free economic system。
阿诺德。哈勃（Arnold Harberger）：他说，在一个真正的自由经济体系中，不能有一个长期专制的政府。
NARRATOR： But Friedman was also persuaded to visit the grim conference center from which Pinochet ruled Chile。 Friedman told Pinochet that he needed to take decisive and immediate action to defeat inflation。
旁白：但弗里德曼（Fridman）也被说服，去参观了皮诺切特藉以统治智利的冷酷的会议中心。弗里德曼对皮诺切特讲，他必须立即采取果断的措施来制止通货膨胀。
JAVIER VIAL： Friedman says： "；Well； I'm going to give you an example。 If you cut the tail to a dog in pieces； step by step you will kill the dog。 This is the same as inflation。 You have to cut it at once； and then the country will start moving。"；
贾威尔。维拉（Javier Vial）：弗里德曼，“好吧，我给你举个例子，假如你一段一段地剁一条狗的尾巴，慢慢地你就会杀死这条狗，通货膨胀也是一样的，你必须立即遏制它，整个国家经济才会开始动起来。
ARNOLD HARBERGER： Milton's presence probably helped to stiffen the spine of people who were trying to insist on better economic policies。 That's the period when the takeoff of the Chilean economy really began and major reforms were made。
阿诺德。哈勃（Arnold Harberger）：米尔顿的到来的确使那些坚决要求更好的经济政策的人们腰杆子挺了起来，正是在这一时期，智利经济真正开始好转了，许多重大改革相继出台。
NARRATOR： In Santiago； the junta called on the Chicago Boys to rescue the economy。 Five hundred stateowned businesses were privatized。 Government budgets were cut。 Import tariffs were swept away。 The markets were given free rein。
旁白：在圣地亚哥，军政府号召芝加哥男孩来拯救经济。于是，他们对500家国有企业实现了私有化，政府预算被大量削减，进口关税被取消了，市场又恢复了自由。
SERGIO DE CASTRO： The basic thrust was to increase exports and abolish artificial price controls。
塞尔吉奥。卡斯特罗（Sergio De Castro）：基本的措施是要增加出口，并抛弃人为的价格控制。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： Here was the first case in which you had a movement toward munism which was replaced by a movement toward free markets。
米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）：这是第一个共产主义运动被自由市场运动所取代的实例。
NARRATOR： There was much pain for the poorest。 The cost of living went through the roof。 The gap between rich and poor got wider； and stayed that way。
旁白：最贫困的人承受了深重的痛苦，生活成本与日俱增，贫富差距日益扩大，并且还在继续扩大。
ALEJANDRO FOXLEY； Finance Minister； Chile； 19901994： They were starting a very big process of transformation of the economy without any regard of what happened to people。 And we ended up at one point in time with 30 percent unemployment rate。
智利财政部长（19901994）阿里加多。弗克利（Alejandro Foxley）：一个非常巨大的经济转型工作进程开始了，而完全没有考虑到对百姓的影响，结果，我们在某个时候失业率曾经达到了30％。
NARRATOR： According to the Chicago Boys； the gain was worth the pain。 Chile became the fastest growing economy in Latin America。
旁白：芝加哥男孩们认为，这样做收益是大于痛苦的，是值得的。智利成为了拉丁美洲经济增长速度最快的国家。
ALEJANDRO FOXLEY： They were able to start a process of deregulating the markets； opening up the economy； so that's their contribution。 They were able to anticipate a global trend； and Chile has benefited from that。
阿里加多。弗克利（Alejandro Foxley）：他们开始了放松市场管制的进程，他们开放了经济，这是他们的贡献。他们预测到了一个全球化的趋势，智利也因此而受益。
INTERVIEWER： But at a price？
记者：但代价呢？
ALEJANDRO FOXLEY： At a very high price； believe me。 At a very high human price。
阿里加多。弗克利（Alejandro Foxley）：代价非常高昂，真的，非常大的人类代价。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： The Chilean economy did very well； but more important； in the end； the Chilean military junta was replaced by a democratic society。 Free markets did work their way in bringing about a free society。
米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）：智利的经济运行得非常好，但更重要的是，智利的民主社会最终替代了军人政府。自由市场确实带来了一个自由社会。
NARRATOR： This is the monument to the 2；400 who died or disappeared during the dictatorship。 The brutality of Pinochet's regime left little enthusiasm for change in the rest of Latin America。
旁白：这是对独裁统治时期死亡和失踪的2400人的纪念，皮诺切特政权的残暴统治在拉丁美洲其它国家几乎没有带来任何变革的热情。
CLIVE CROOK； Deputy Editor； The Economist： The fact that the Pinochet regime was politically unsavory allowed the left to make an association between market reforms on the one hand and repressive authoritarian governments on the other； and that was a terribly damaging connection。
《经济学家》（Economist）杂志的副主编克利夫。克鲁克（Clive Crook）：皮诺切特政权声名狼藉，使得左派将市场化改革与强制性的独裁政府之间达成联合，而这是一个非常可怕的有害的联合。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： The intellectual elite； as it were； were on the side of Allende； not on the side of Pinochet。 They regarded me as a traitor for having been willing to talk in Chile。
米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）：知识分子的精英们站在了阿兰德（Allende）一边，而非皮诺切特一边。他们把我当作判逆者，因为我到智利发表了演讲。
ARNOLD HARBERGER： Friedman then became a figure of hate； and they anized demonstrations against him wherever he went； and this went on for a period of years。
阿诺德。哈勃（Arnold Harberger）：弗里德曼变成了一个被憎恨的人物，无论弗里德曼走到哪，他们都会有组织###来抗议他，这种情况持续了好几年的时间。
NARRATOR： The protests reached their climax when Friedman was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1976。
旁白：当弗里德曼于1976年获得诺贝尔经济学奖时，这种抗议更是达到了高潮。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： At the Nobel ceremonies in Stockholm； I was subject to abuse in the sense that there were large demonstrations against me。 There was a concerted effort to tar and feather me。
米尔顿。弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）：在斯德哥尔摩的诺贝尔颁奖大会上，有一些大型的###在反对我，我受到了遭难与漫骂，有人专门致力于丑化和贬低我。
CLIVE CROOK： In the minds of many people； the reforms in Chile were tainted by the political caste of the regime that did set back the cause of liberal economics。 It made other countries more resistant to the idea of market reforms than they otherwise would have been。
克利夫。克鲁克（Clive Crook）：在许多人心目中，智利的改革受到了政府的一些政治团体的玷污，这确实阻碍了自由经济的进程，这使得其它国家更加抵制市场化改革的思想。
Chapter 8： Heresy in the USSR ＇8：08＇
第八章： 苏联的异端
Onscreen title： The Kremlin； Moscow
字幕标题：莫斯科，克里姆里林宫
NARRATOR： The economic reforms in Chile may have had little immediate impact on the world； but the ideas behind them were gaining momentum。 In the Soviet Union； where the aged leadership was dying off and the economy was moribund； people were starting to question the system。
旁白：智利的经济改革可能并没有立刻对世界产生什么影响，但是它背后的信念正在积聚着动力。在苏联，当老迈的领导政权奄奄一息，经济行将崩溃时，人们开始质疑这样的体制。
DANIEL YERGIN： By the 1970s and '80s； it was being clear to the better informed that the Soviet system really wasn't working； but they couldn't really talk about it publicly。 They talked about it in their kitchens； they talked about it in small groups。 But it was not something that could be talked about in the public。
丹尼尔。尤金（Daniel Yergin）：到70年代和80年代，对那些消息比较灵通的人来说已经很清楚了，苏联的体制真的无法运转，但是人们不能公开讨论。他们在厨房里讨论；在小范围内谈论这些事情，就是不能在公开场合谈论这个问题。
NARRATOR： In Leningrad； the cradle of Lenin's revolution； an economics student was asking if the solution lay not in Marxism but in markets。
旁白：在列宁革命的发源地列宁格勒，一名学经济学的学生问道，是否解决的办法不存在于马克思主义而存在于市场。
ANATOLY CHUBAIS； Economic Reformer： I'm interested in what has happened in the economy。 I start to feel that there is something wrong； there is some illness in the economy。 But I try to discuss it with my professors； I get no feedback。 You feel that either the world around you crazy or you yourself crazy。
经济改革家阿那特利。丘拜斯（Anatoly Chubais）：我对经济中发生的事情很感兴趣。我开始感觉到有什么不对劲，经济一定是出了什么毛病。但当我试图想与我的教授探讨时，我没有得到任何反馈。你会感到不是你身边的世界疯了就是你自己疯了。
NARRATOR： （Chubais） helped to anize seminars far from the prying eyes of the secret police。 One of his coconspirators was a young economist from Moscow。
旁白：丘拜斯（Chubais）避开秘密警察的视线，组织各种研讨会。他的同僚中有一位来自于莫斯科的年轻经济学家。
YEGOR GAIDAR； Economic Reformer： We were all in our 30s； researchers or teachers who specialized in the Soviet economy。 We could see how it worked and were well aware of its weak points。 I read books by Friedman and Hayek with great interest。 They were our inspiration。
经济改革家尤戈。盖达（Yegor Gaidar）：我们都是30多岁，都是专门研究苏联经济的研究人员和教师。我们能够分析经济是如何运行的，并且都深知它的弱点。我怀着巨大的兴趣阅读了弗里德曼（Friedman）和哈耶克（Hayek）的书，他们给了我们巨大的灵感。
ANATOLY CHUBAIS； First Deputy Prime Minister； 19941996： On that stage； definitely we do understand that this thing quite risky。
第一副总理（19941996）阿那特利。丘拜斯（Anatoly Chubais）：在那时候，我们确实知道这件事情是很危险的。
YEGOR GAIDAR： Some of our sessions took place behind closed doors； we didn't trust everyone at the seminar； so we kept some people out。 Our discussions were not revolutionary； but they were far beyond the limit of what was politically permissible。
尤戈。盖达（Yegor Gaidar）：我们有些会议是秘密进行的，在讨论会上我们也并不信任每一个人，所以我们会让一些人出去。我们的讨论不是革命性的，但是也大大超出了政治上容许讨论的范围。
NARRATOR： After a day arguing the pros and cons of a market economy； they would sit around the campfire and tell jokes。
旁白：在争论了一天有关市场经济的优缺点后，他们会围坐在篝火旁，讲笑话。
ANATOLY CHUBAIS： There was the idea that Gaidar will bee prime minister maybe； which sounds at that time absolutely crazy； and everybody laughing and another guy said that yeah； he will be prime minister or he will be prisoner。
阿那特利。丘拜斯（Anatoly Chubais）：有消息认为盖达（Gaidar）将可能成为总理，这在那时听起来绝对是疯了，每个人对此都抱以大笑，一个人说，对，他会成为总理，要不然就成囚犯了。
NARRATOR： But by 1985； it was not just economics students who were asking what was wrong。 When Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union； he was appalled by the economic decay。
旁白：但到1985年，不仅仅是经济学的学生，其它人也开始质疑经济到底出了什么问题。当米哈伊。戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）成为苏联的领导人时，他被经济的烂摊子震惊了。
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV； General Secretary； munist Party； 19851991： There was a government mission to examine the problem of women's pantyhose。 Imagine a country that flies into space； launches Sputniks； creates such a defense system； and it can't resolve the problem of women's pantyhose。 There's no toothpaste； no soap powder； not the basic necessities of life。 It was preposterous and embarrassing to work in such a government。
苏共总书记（19851991） 米哈伊。戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）：有一个政府委员会负责调查妇女连裤袜的问题。想像一下，一个飞上了太空，发射了人造地球卫星，建立了如此的国防体系的国家，却不能解决妇女连裤袜的问题。没有牙膏，没有肥皂、洗衣粉，生活必需品得不到满足，在这样的一个政府里工作是荒谬和尴尬的。
DANIEL YERGIN： Mikhail Gorbachev was what the Soviet Union had been waiting for a new； young； dynamic leader who was going to reform the system。 But that system had been propped up for a decade and a half by high oil prices； and just after he came in； the price of oil collapsed； which meant that the economic problems facing the Soviet Union were even more enormous。
丹尼尔。尤金（Daniel Yergin）：米哈伊。戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）是苏联长期以来期盼出现的人物——新一代的、年轻、充满活力的领导人。他要对体制进行改革。但是旧体制已经由高石油价格支撑了15年，而正是在他上台后，油价急剧下跌，这意味着苏联所面临的经济问题更巨大了。
NARRATOR： Gorbachev's attempt to restructure the economy was called "；perestroika。"；
旁白：戈尔巴乔夫试图重组经济的努力称为“改革”（peretrolka）。
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV： Perestroika was a reform that aimed at gradual political change to create an infrastructure for market economics。 We had several generations with no experience of markets。 You can't just announce the markets and see them appear overnight。 I was actually saying it will take a generation for it to start working。
米哈伊。戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）：“改革”是一项旨在通过逐步的政治改�
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