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制高点-第12部分
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米哈伊。戈尔巴乔夫(Mikhail Gorbachev):“改革”是一项旨在通过逐步的政治改革以建立市场经济基础的改革。我们拥有几代没有市场经验的人民,你不能只口头上宣称实现市场经济,而指望一觉醒来就大功告成了,我当时其实是说要使市场基本发挥作用,我们要花一代人的时间投入。
DANIEL YERGIN: He started to allow a certain amount of private enterprise; but it was really a very uneven process。 He ended up removing many of the tools of control of central planning; but didn't really replace them with anything else。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):他开始允许一部分私有企业存在,但这确实是一条不平坦的过程。他废除了许多中央计划的控制工具,但没有采用其它任何措施来替代这些工具。
NARRATOR: Gorbachev faced mounting pressure from the West。 The
旁白:戈尔巴乔夫(Gorbachev)承受着来自西方的越来越大的压力,美国总统信奉米尔顿。弗里德曼(Milton Freidman)和芝加哥的经济哲学。
Ronald Reagan was not alone。 He had a political soul mate in Margaret Thatcher。 Britain's prime minister had already embarked on a radical freemarket economic revolution at home。 Thatcher and Reagan were determined to go on the ideological offensive。 Their political rhetoric began to heat up。
罗纳德。里根(Ronald Reagan)并不孤立,他还拥有一个政治同盟玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher),英国首相已经成功地在国内进行了激进的自由市场经济改革。撒切尔和里根决定继续进行意识形态攻击,他们的政治甜言密语开始不断升温。
RONALD REAGAN; ; 19811989: What I am describing now is a plan and a hope for the long term; the march of freedom and democracy which will leave MarxismLeninism on the ash heap of history; as it has left other tyrannies which stifle the freedom and muzzle the selfexpression of the people。
美国总统(19811989) 罗纳德。里根(Ronald Reagan):我现在所描绘的是一个长期计划或者说是希望,自由和民主运动将会把马克思列宁主义抛进历史的灰堆,就像其抛弃其它阻碍自由和束缚思想的暴政一样。
MARGARET THATCHER: Up to that time; the whole doctrine had been one of ";Contain munism。"; That wasn't enough for Ronald Reagan and me; and we thought we should make it quite clear to munism that it could and would never win; and that we would go and fight the battle of ideas between what the free world had to offer; pared with the dictatorship and tyranny and cruelty of munism。
玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher):直到那个时候,整个教条都是要去“抑制共产主义”,而这在我和里根这里是不够的,我们认为,我们必须让共产主义清楚他们不会成功,也永远不可能成功,并表明我们将为自由社会的理想而战斗,战胜共产主义的独裁、专制和残暴。
NARRATOR: Ever since Gorbachev's first visit to Britain; Margaret Thatcher never missed the opportunity to debate him on the evils and inefficiencies of munism and its system of central planning。
旁白:自从戈尔巴乔夫(Gorbachev)首次访问英国后,玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)便开始抓住一切机会与其辩论共产主义及其中央计划体制的罪恶和低效。
OLEG GORDIEVSKY: Speaking to Gorbechev; she said: ";Mikhail; you see how your economy is anized centralized; entirely led by the Kremlin。 Look at me in Britain and the West。 We have market economy; and it is running itself。 I don't have to tell different industries what to do。 I don't deal with it at all。 My job pared with your job is much easier。 And you would be able to enjoy your job as head of the Soviet Union much more if you had a market economy。";
奥列格。戈德尔维斯基(Oleg Gordievsky):她对戈尔巴乔夫(Gorbachev)说:“米哈伊,你看吧,看看你们的经济是怎样组织的——克里姆林宫高度的集权。再看看我们英国,看看西方国家,我们是市场经济,其自身就能运转良好,我不需要告诉每个行业做什么,我们根本不需要管这些事,我的工作跟你比起来 轻松多了,我相信如果你们实行市场经济的话,作为苏联领导人你将会惬意得多。”
NARRATOR: In 1987 President Reagan carried this war of words to the most symbolic section of the Iron Curtain: the Berlin Wall。
旁白:1987年,里根总统把这种言论战引到了铁幕最具代表意义的部分:柏林墙。
RONALD REAGAN: General Secretary Gorbachev; if you seek peace; if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; if you seek liberalization; e here to this gate。 Mr。 Gorbachev; open this gate。 Mr。 Gorbachev; tear down this wall。
罗纳德。里根(Ronald Reagan):戈尔巴乔夫总书记,如果你在寻求和平,如果你在寻求苏联和东欧的繁荣,如果你在寻求自由化,那么来吧! 戈尔巴乔夫先生,打开这扇门吧,戈尔巴乔夫先生,推倒这堵墙吧!
Chapter 9: Poland’s Solidarity '7:32'
第九章: 波兰的团结工会
Onscreen title: Warsaw; Poland
字幕标题:波兰,华沙
NARRATOR: Margaret Thatcher carried the freemarket message to Poland in 1988。 Mrs。 Thatcher had agreed to meet the munist leadership provided she could also visit the port of Gdansk。
旁白:1988年,玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)把自由市场的信息带到了波兰。撒切尔夫人表示只要能访问格但斯克港(Gdansk),她就同意会晤波兰共产党领导人。
Almost a decade earlier; in 1980; shipyard workers here in Gdansk had taken a stand against munist rule。 They had struck against the price rises and food shortages caused by a crumbling economy。 Their leader was an electrician named Lech Walesa。
大约10年前,1980年,格但斯克港(Gdansk)船厂的工人曾经起来反抗过共产党的管制。他们组织罢工,以抗议由于行将崩溃的经济导致的价格上涨和食品短缺,他们的领袖是一名叫莱克。瓦文萨(Lech Walesa)的电力工程师。
LECH WALESA; President; Poland; 19901995: The country was so much in debt; with the West refusing to lend us any more; that the whole system was failing。 It was more and more inefficient; and everybody; even the munists; knew it。
波兰总统(19901995)莱克。瓦文萨(Lech Walesa):当时,国家债务负担非常沉重,西方国家拒绝继续给我们提供贷款,于是整个体制行将崩溃。体系越来越无效,每个人,即使是共产党人也都看到了这一点。
NARRATOR: Lech Walesa climbed the shipyard gate to announce a momentous victory。 The workers had forced the government to recognize Solidarity; the free labor union。 ";I declare the creation of a free union of workers。 We now have the right to strike。";
旁白:莱克。瓦文萨(Lech Walesa)爬上船厂的大门,宣布了一场重大的胜利,工人们迫使政府承认了自由劳工工会组织团结工会(Solidarity):“我宣布,工人们自由的工会组织成立了,我们现在拥有罢工的权利。”
FATHER HENRY JANKOWSKI; St。 Brygida Church; Gdansk: I thought they didn't know what they were fighting for。 I thought they were just fighting for a pay rise。 Only then did I learn it was all about freedom。
圣布莱吉达(St。 Brygida)教堂的神父亨利。杰克斯基(Henry Jankowski),格但斯克:我本来以为他们并不知道他们在为什么战斗,我以为他们只是在争取涨工资,直到那时我才意识到他们是在为自由而战。
NARRATOR: Ten million Poles joined Solidarity。 Under Walesa's leadership; Solidarity became the main opposition to munism。 But in 1981; after a year and a half of strikes and unrest; the government declared martial law。 Walesa was placed under house arrest。
旁白:1000万波兰人加入了团结工会,在瓦文萨(Walesa)的领导下,团结工会成为了共产党的主要反对党。但是在罢工和###的一年半后,1981年,政府宣布实施军事管制法,瓦文萨(Walesa)被软禁起来。
When Thatcher visited Poland in 1988 she demanded that the munist government allow her to meet Lech Walesa。
撒切尔(Thatcher)1988年访问波兰的时候,曾要求共产党政府允许她会晤莱克。瓦文萨(Lech Walesa)。
LECH WALESA: You didn't say no to Mrs。 Thatcher。 No one refused her; so her noticing us and demanding a meeting with me and the others; that was a crucial event。
莱克。瓦文萨(Lech Walesa):人们没有对撒切尔夫人说不,没有人拒绝她,所以,她通知我们,并要求与我和其它人会面,那是一个具有决定意义的事件。
CHARLES POWELL: She came into the city of Gdansk onboard a small ship; and as she went past the shipyards; all the cranes on the dockside was lined with shipyard workers; all cheering and waving; and one began to sense here was an extraordinary experience in the making。
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):她坐一艘小船来到格但斯克市。当她经过船厂时,码头上的所有起重机旁都整整齐齐地站满了船厂工人,他们欢呼、招手,人们开始感觉到这里正在酝酿一场非凡的经历。
FATHER HENRY JANKOWSKI: The shipyard workers were not only sitting on the gate; but they were also on the roofs surrounding the shipyard。 She's a tough lady; she conquered the hearts of the people of Gdansk。
亨利。杰克斯基(Henry Jankowski)神父:船厂的工人们爬上大门,还爬上周围的屋顶。她是一个女强人,她征服了格但斯克人的心。
NARRATOR: Solidarity workers escorted Mrs。 Thatcher to a church。
旁白:团结工会的工人们陪同撒切尔夫人来到教堂。
CHARLES POWELL: Great crowds sang the Solidarity anthem; a haunting anthem。
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):许多人为团结工会唱赞美诗,令人难以忘怀的赞美诗。
FATHER HENRY JANKOWSKI: I could see she was very emotional about this visit。 Her eyes registered everything that went on around her。
亨利。杰克斯基(Henry Jankowski)神父:我能感觉到她是很动情地在进行这次访问,她关注着身边发生的每一件事情。
CHARLES POWELL: It's one of the very few times that I saw tears in Mrs。 Thatcher's eyes。 She was so moved by this expression of longing for liberty。
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):那是少有的几次我从撒切尔夫人的眼中看到了泪光,她被这种对自由的深深的渴望所打动了。
NARRATOR: At the house of Walesa's priest; Margaret Thatcher met with the leaders of Solidarity。 A Solidarity cameraman recorded this historic meeting and Mrs。 Thatcher arguing that economic freedom and personal freedom go hand in hand。
旁白:在瓦文萨(Walesa)的牧师的家中,玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)会见了团结工会的领导人,团结工会的一位摄影师记录下了这次历史性的会见——撒切尔夫人指出经济自由与个人自由是紧密相连的。
MARGARET THATCHER: If you have a free society under a rule of law; it produces both dignity of the individual and prosperity。
玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher):如果你拥有一个法律约束下的自由社会,它将会给你带来人格的尊严和经济的繁荣。
CHARLES POWELL: Although it sounds very bossy and interfering; I think they were genuinely grateful。 ";You; Solidarity;"; she said; ";you must have your own ideas and plans worked out。 It's no good just being popular。";
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):尽管听起来非常专横和具有干涉性,但我想他们真的会非常感激的:“你们,团结工会,”她说,“你们必须制定出自己的理想和计划,仅仅人多,受欢迎,是毫无用处的。”
MARGARET THATCHER: How do you see the process from where you are now to where you want to be? Because whatever you want to do; it's not only what you want to do; but how the practical way you see it ing about; if you were to write down the 10 steps; from where you are now to where you want to be。
玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher):对于从你们现在的状况到你们想要达到的状况的进程,你们怎么看?因为无论你想做什么,如果你写下从你现在的情况到你想要达到的目标之间的10个步骤,则你会发现,这不仅仅是你想要做什么的问题,而是你怎样采取实用的方法去实现目标的问题。
CHARLES POWELL: And at one point; she said to Walesa; ";But how do you get your thinking over to the Polish government?"; And he laughed and pointed to the ceiling and said; ";There's no trouble; they've got this meeting bugged。";
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):突然,她问瓦文萨(Walesa):“你怎样让波兰政府了解你的思想?”他笑着指了指天花板,说:“没问题的,他们监视着我们的谈话呢。”
FATHER HENRY JANKOWSKI: This meeting with Mrs。 Thatcher made these future politicians recognize the opportunities within their grasp。
亨利。杰克斯基(Henry Jankowski)神父:这次与撒切尔夫人的会面使得这些未来的政治家们认识到机会由他们自己掌握着。
MARGARET THATCHER: Thank you very much。
玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher):非常感谢。
LECH WALESA: Without this meeting; there would not have been no victory; that's for sure。 There would have been delay; greater difficulties; or even our destruction。
莱克。瓦文萨(Lech Walesa):如果没有这次会面,可能就没有后来的成功,真的,就可能会延迟,可能会遭遇更大的困难,甚至最终我们会失败。
NARRATOR: Thatcher's freemarket message seemed to offer an escape from a Polish economy that was debtridden and riddled with shortages。
旁白:撒切尔的自由市场信息似乎也给债务负担沉重、物资短缺的波兰经济提供了走出泥潭的办法。
DANIEL YERGIN: As the munist economies got into deeper and deeper trouble; reformers and economists within the Soviet world began to look outside for solutions and for alternative paths。 They looked at the miracle economies of Asia; they looked at what was happening in the United States and in Western Europe; and they looked even as far as Latin America。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):随着共产主义经济陷入越来越深的困境,苏联社会的改革家和经济学家们开始向外界寻求解决方案和其他路径。他们研究了亚洲的经济奇迹,研究了美国和西欧当时的发展,他们甚至还研究了遥远的拉丁美洲。
Chapter 10: Bolivia at the Brink '7:07'
第十章:处在悬崖边上的###
Onscreen title: La Paz; Bolivia
字幕标题:###,拉巴斯
NARRATOR: One of the poorest countries in Latin America and with a history of 189 military coups; Bolivia was also one of the most unstable。
旁白:###是拉丁美洲最贫穷的国家之一,它的历史中有过189次军事政变。它也是最不稳定的国家之一。
JE QUIROGA; President; Bolivia: When I was going through college in Texas; the first question you'd be asked is ";Who's the president of Bolivia this week?"; Second question down the road was ";You're from Bolivia what's the inflation rate in Bolivia this week?;"; because we had galloping hyperinflation that destroyed our economic base。
###总统乔治。昆拉伽(Je Quiroga):当我在德克萨斯上大学时,人们见到我问的第一个问题通常是“这周的###总统是谁啊?”,接下来的第二个问题便是:“你从###来?###这周的通货膨胀率是多少啊?”因为我们承受着恶性的通货膨胀,它摧毁了我们的整个经济基础。
GONZALO ";GONI"; SANCHEZ DE LOZADA; President; Bolivia; 19931997: We found that Bolivia was the seventh highest inflation in the history of man。
###总统(19931997)孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo ";Goni"; Sanchez De Lozada):我们发现###的通货膨胀率是人类历史上第七高的通货膨胀率。
JUAN CARIAGA; Finance Minister; Bolivia; 19861988: Twentythree thousand; five hundred percent。 Prices increased by the hour。
###财政部长(19861988)胡安。卡里加(Juan Cariaga):通货膨胀率是23500%价格每小时都在上涨。
NARRATOR: The cost of food and clothes kept increasing。 Before it was all over; the total inflation averaged 1 percent every 10 minutes。
旁白:食品和服装的成本持续上涨。在这场恶性通货膨胀结束之前,总通胀率平均起来是每10分钟上涨1%。
JE QUIROGA: Seven out of 10 Bolivians live in poverty。 The poor people get hurt even more。 They see their pockets being eaten away by inflation that is galloping around。
乔治。昆拉伽(Je Quiroga):70%的###人生活在贫困之中,穷人经受的痛苦更大,他们眼看着自己的口袋被肆虐的通货膨胀所榨干。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: It's like a tiger; hyperinflation: If you don't kill it and you only have one bullet; it'll eat you。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo Sanchez De Lozada):恶性通货膨胀就像是一只老虎,你仅有一颗子弹,如果你射不死它的话,它便会吃了你。
NARRATOR: The root of the problem was government finances。 The government was spending 30 times more than it received in taxes。
旁白:问题的症结在于政府的财政赤字,政府的开支是其税收收入的30倍之多。
Across the continent; Latin America's unpetitive economies had been piling up debt。 In the 1970s; a massive hike in world oil prices left foreign banks awash with petrodollars。
拉丁美洲大陆国家经济普遍缺乏竞争力,这使得它们背负了沉重的债务负担。70年代,世界石油价格的飞涨使得许多外国银行充斥了太多的石油美元。
ARNOLD HARBERGER: So here were the international banks with billions of dollars and nowhere to earn interest on it。 They discovered Latin America。
阿诺德。哈勃(Arnold Harberger):许多国际银行闲置着大量的美元,找不到投资去处,他们发现了拉丁美洲。
GONZALO SA
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