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制高点-第13部分

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阿诺德。哈勃(Arnold Harberger):许多国际银行闲置着大量的美元,找不到投资去处,他们发现了拉丁美洲。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: We were offered unreasonable amounts of money。 These banks who were very unwise in their lending policy came to the happy conclusion that countries don't go broke。 It's true; but sometimes they don't pay。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo  Sanchez De Lozada):这些大银行给我们提供了过多的贷款,银行在制定他们的贷款政策时是很不明智的,他们兴致盎然地认为国家是不可能破产的。是的,国家是不可能破产,可是有时候国家也可能赖债的。
MOISES NAIM: Guess what? One day; these countries could no longer afford to repay the debts。
莫伊斯。尼曼(Moises Naim):想想是什么情况吧,有一天,这些国家再也无力偿还这些债务了。
NARRATOR: In 1982 a financial crisis in Mexico triggered a chain reaction that caused the 1980s to be known as Latin America's ";lost decade";。
旁白:1982年,墨西哥的金融危机引发了一系列的连锁反应,从而导致了我们常说的:80年代是拉丁美洲“失去的10年”。
JOSEPH STANISLAW; Author; manding Heights: Bolivia was probably the most severe case of how things had gone wrong in Latin America。 For decades they just printed money。 They collected no taxes in the country。 If you can't collect taxes; you've got to make the money up somehow; so they just printed it。
《制高点》(manding Heights)作者约瑟夫。斯坦利斯诺(Joseph Stanislaw):拉丁美洲的情况很糟糕,而###的情况可能是最为严重的,在几十年中,他们仅仅是在不断地印钞票,没有税收收入。而如果你收不上税,你可能就不得得想法子凑钱,所以他们便印钞票。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: Bolivia was a basket case。 We were considered hopeless。 We had help from nobody。 We were totally alone。 The World Bank had closed its office; the IMF had pulled out its representative; and the American government and other friendly nations wouldn't answer the telephones。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo  Sanchez De Lozada):###陷进了漩涡,我们被认为毫无希望了,没有人来帮助我们,我们完全靠自己在那里挣扎。世界银行关闭了他们的办事处,国际货币基金组织撤走了他们的代表,美国政府和其它一些原来友好的国家都不接我们的电话。
Onscreen title: Harvard University; USA
字幕标题:美国,哈佛大学
NARRATOR: At 29; economist Jeff Sachs had just bee one of Harvard's youngest full professors ever。
旁白:29岁的年轻经济学家杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeff Sachs)刚刚成为哈佛大学的一名最年轻的全职终生教授。
JEFFREY SACHS: In 1985; some former students sent me a note asking whether I would be ready to e to a meeting with a group of visiting Bolivians。
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):1985年,几个我以前的学生问我准不准备见一帮来自###的访问学者。
NARRATOR: The Bolivians had e to Harvard to take part in a seminar on the hyperinflation that was ravaging their country。
旁白:###人是到哈佛来参加一个有关他们国家恶性通货膨胀的研讨会的。
JEFFREY SACHS: I was absolutely fascinated; made a few observations。 Somebody in the back of the room piped up and said; ";Well; if you think you know what to do; you e to La Paz。";
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):我被这个问题完全吸引了,做了一些观察并发了言。坐在房间后排的一个人大声喊道:“好吧,要是你知道怎么办,你就到拉巴斯来吧。”
When I got to La Paz in July 1985; the inflation rate was about 60;000 percent。 It was an extraordinary and terrifying thing to see; actually。 It was a society at the edge of the precipice。
当我1985年7月来到拉巴斯时,通货膨胀率大概为60,000%,这真是太不正常太可怕了,整个社会处在悬崖边缘,行将崩溃。
NARRATOR: Bolivia's politicians were paralyzed。 Only one man seemed to know what to do。
旁白:###的政治家们麻木了,只有一个人似乎知道该怎么办。
JEFFREY SACHS: I met a man at a cocktail party one of the evenings at work。 I didn't know him at all。 I introduced myself。 He said; ";What are you doing?"; I said; ";Oh; I'm writing an economic plan for the next government。";
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):一天晚上,我在一次工作之后的鸡尾酒会上遇到一个人,我根本就不认识这个人。我向他作了自我介绍,他问我:“你在干嘛?”我回答说:“哦,我正在为下一任政府制定经济计划。”
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: And I said; ";I'm very; very pleased that you're studying this; because we're going to beat these guys; and you can e and work for us。"; So they all laughed。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo  Sanchez De Lozada):我当时说:“非常高兴看到你在研究这些事情,因为我们将战胜这些家伙,你可以来和我们一起干。”他们都笑了。
JEFFREY SACHS: He said: ";Oh; that's very interesting。 What do you have in mind?"; And I described a few elements; basically how to stop hyperinflation。 And he said: ";No; no; you have to go much beyond that。 You don't understand。 We need so much more。 You're just going on the surface。 This country needs a plete overhaul。 We've got to get out of the mess that we're in。"; I wasn't sure whether he was provoking me; whether he was kidding; whether he was sober; whether he knew what he was doing。 It turned out that this was Goni; Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada  a genius。
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):他说:“哦,这非常有意思,那你有什么想法?”于是我谈了一下我的看法,主要是有关如何制止恶性通货膨胀的。他说:“不,不,你必须还要考虑其他的事情,你不明白,我们不仅仅需要制止通货膨胀,其它的很多问题也急需解决,你还只是涉及到问题的皮毛。这个国家需要一次彻底的修整,我们要度过我们正在经历的各种难关。”我当时不明白他是否是有意戏弄我,是否是在跟我开玩笑,是否是认真的,是否知道他在干什么,后来才知道,他就是孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔——一个天才。
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Chapter 11: Shock Therapy Applied '4:48'
第十一章: 休克疗法的应用
NARRATOR: Goni's party did win the election; and he became minister of planning。 He told the president that Bolivia was running out of time。
旁白:孔塞洛的政党的确在选举中获得了胜利,他出任计划部部长,他告诉总统,###的时间是很有限的。
JUAN CARIAGA: We told him; ";You have 90 days before Bolivia's hyperinflation bees the highest inflation in world history。"; So he told us; ";Okay; you have 20 days; you have to start working now。";
胡安。卡里加(Juan Cariaga):我们告诉他,“再过90天,###的通货膨胀率就要变成历史上最高的恶性通货膨胀率了,”他告诉我们,“好吧,我给你们20天的时间,你们必须从现在起就开始工作。”
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: There was a big discussion whether you could stop a hyperinflation or an inflation period by taking gradualist steps。 In this Jeff Sachs was influential。 He said: ";All this gradualist stuff just doesn't work。 When it really gets out of control you've got to stop it; like a medicine。 You've got to take some radical steps; otherwise your patient is going to die。";
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo  Sanchez De Lozada):对于能否采用一个渐进的步骤来终止恶性通货膨胀或一般的通货膨胀的问题,我们进行了大规模的讨论。在这方面,杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs)是很有影响力的,他说:“所有这些渐进的措施都是无用的,当事情真的无法控制时,你必须制止它,像打针吃药一样,你必须采用一些激进的措施,否则你的病人便会死去。”
NARRATOR: To avoid leaks; they worked at home。 Every few days; Goni reported to the president。
旁白:为防止出现纰漏,他们都在家中工作。每隔几天,孔塞洛就要向总统汇报一次。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: We said: ";Look; boys; you've got one chance。 And remember; as Machiavelli said; 'It's all the bad news at once; the good news little by little。'"; So he said; ";Get it all done。"; Shock therapy is get it over; get it done; stop hyperinflation; and then start rebuilding your economy so you achieve growth。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo  Sanchez De Lozada):我们讲:“好吧,孩子们,你们只有一次机会,记住,正像马基雅弗利(Machiavelli)所说的那样‘坏消息总是一下子都来了,而好消息则只会一点一点地来’。”于是他说,“开始行动吧。”休克疗法就是终止这场恶性通货膨胀,重建你们的经济,使你们重新获得增长。
NARRATOR: In August 1985; Goni went public with a program called ";shock therapy。";
旁白:1985年8月,孔塞洛宣布实行一个被称为“休克疗法”的项目。
JUAN CARIAGA: It caught everybody by surprise。 It had great credibility。 It was a shock。
胡安。卡里加(Juan Cariaga):这使得所有人都大吃一惊。它的可信度很高。太不可思议了。
NARRATOR: Shock therapy spelled the death of dependency theory。 Government spending was slashed。 Price controls were scrapped。 Import tariffs were cut。 Government budgets were balanced。
旁白:休克疗法宣告了依赖理论的死亡,政府开支被大量缩减,价格控制被废弃,进口关税大大降低,政府预算平衡了。
JUAN CARIAGA: We didn't use highly sophisticated economic theory to deal with hyperinflation。 We just used very simple things; such as from now on the government will only spend what it gets。 You get one peso; spend one peso; you get two pesos; spend two pesos。 If we don't have it; we don't spend it。 No borrowing from the Central Bank; and therefore the Central Bank did not have to print money。
胡安。卡里加(Juan Cariaga):我们并没有采用什么高深的经济学理论来对付通货膨胀,我们使用的只是一些简单的手段,比如,从现在起政府只能量入为出,有一比索才能花一比索,有两比索才能花两比索,没有就别花,不允许从中央银行借款,所以中央银行就不必印钞票了。
NARRATOR: Shock therapy meant that the price of essentials  transport; food; fuel  all shot up。 Until then people had thought that only a military dictatorship like Chile's could impose such tough measures without tearing society apart。
旁白:休克疗法意味着一些必需品——比如交通、食品、燃料——的价格大幅上扬。那时,人们认为只有像智利那样的军政府才有能力在不分裂社会的前提下执行如此激进的措施。
DANIEL YERGIN: Bolivia may be a small country; but it had a very big impact in terms of kickstarting reform throughout Latin America。 In Brazil; a professor; who actually used to teach the dependency theory; launched a program of economic reform that looked a lot like shock therapy。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):###是一个小国,但是它在作为引发整个拉丁美洲改革方面却具有非常大的影响。在巴西,一位曾经教授依赖理论的教授,发起了一个看起来非常像休克疗法的经济改革项目。
DANIEL YERGIN: Argentina was suffering from 20;000 percent inflation and the new president of that country said; you know; we've seen this movie before。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):阿根延正遭遇着20,000%的通货膨胀率。新任总统说,你知道,我们原来从电影中看到过这种场面。
DOMINGO CAVALLO; Economy Minister; Argentina; 2001: Promarket reforms could be implemented under a democracy; and we demonstrated that it was possible here in Argentina。
阿根廷经济部长(2001)多明戈。卡菲罗(Domingo Cavallo):支持市场化的改革可以在民主社会中实行,我们要证明,在阿根廷也可以。
NARRATOR: All across Latin America; governments began to sit up and take notice。
旁白:整个拉丁美洲的政府都开始密切关注了。
GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA: I think the Bolivian experience did have influence。 The fact that we did it in democracy; we did it without great social violence; had impact on economic thinkers and on politicians。
孔塞洛。桑切斯。洛塞塔(Gonzalo  Sanchez De Lozada):我认为###的经历的确很有影响力,我们通过民主的方式改革,没有引起大的社会###的事实对经济学家和政治家们有很大的影响。
JEFFREY SACHS: In late 1985; as we were struggling late into the night with a problem; he said; ";You know; this is extraordinarily hard; but what's happening here; this is going to have to happen all through Latin America。"; I watched it unfold; one country after another。
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):1985年末,一天,我们为一个问题工作到深夜时,他说:“你知道,这的确是非常难,但是在这里发生的一切,将会在整个拉丁美洲发生。”我看到这应验了,在一个接一个的国家应验了。
NARRATOR: It is a curious fact of history that what happened in Bolivia was to have a direct impact on the frozen economies of Eastern Europe。
旁白:在###发生的事情给死气沉沉的东欧经济带来了直接的冲击,这在历史上是很不寻常的。
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Chapter 12: The Miracle Year '6:57'
第十二章: 神奇的一年
JEFFREY SACHS: I was approached by a Polish government official who had watched the Bolivian reforms; and then had seen the work I had done in Argentina and Brazil。 He finally asked me would I go to Poland and help。
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):一位波兰政府官员找到了我,他看到了###的改革,然后他了解了我在阿根廷和巴西进行过的工作,他最后问我是否能到波兰去帮助他们解决问题。
Onscreen title: Warsaw; Poland
字幕标题:波兰,华沙
The Poles themselves feared that they were descending into starvation。 The shops were utterly empty for miles。 I would see a woman just standing on the street sobbing: ";There's no milk in this city。 I can't find any milk for my child。 What am I going to do?"; It was terrifying。
波兰自己很担心会倒退,会出现饥荒。方圆几英里内的商店都彻底空了,我可以看见一个妇女站在街中间哭泣:“整个城市都买不到牛奶,我的孩子没有牛奶喝,我该怎么办啊?”这很可怕。
NARRATOR: Sachs arrived on the very day that roundtable talks agreed there should be free elections in Poland。
旁白:在圆桌会议同意在波兰进行自由选举的当天,萨克斯(Sachs)来到了波兰。
LECH WALESA: The situation was more than dramatic。 One can change a political system overnight; but an economic system needs years。
莱克。瓦文萨(Lech Walesa):这种情况太戏剧性了,人们可以一夜之间改变政治体制,但要改变经济体制却要花很多年。
DANIEL YERGIN: Whenever Soviet power was challenged in Eastern Europe; the response was very clear。 It was tanks; it was the Red Army。 That was the case in Berlin in 1953; Budapest in 1956; Prague 1968。 But the answer was different in Warsaw in 1989。 Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats。 The head of the Polish munist Party called Moscow for directions。 Mikhail Gorbachev's answer was stunning: ";Do nothing; accept the oute of a free election。"; And that was really the phone call that ended the Cold War。 And of course; the great symbol of the end of the Soviet empire was the fall of the Berlin Wall。 One country after another broke free of munism  Poland; Hungary; Czechoslovakia; Romania。 1989 was truly a miracle year。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):以前,在东欧,如果有谁胆敢挑战苏联强权的话,那结果再清楚不过了,必定是坦克、红军都一起来了。1953年的柏林、1956年的布达佩斯、1968年的布拉格都是这样。但1989年华沙的这次不同了,团结工会获得了99%的席位,波兰共产党的领导人向打电话给苏联寻求指示,戈尔巴乔夫的回答令人震惊:“什么都不要做,接受自由选举的结果吧。”正是这个电话结束了长期的冷战,当然,苏维埃帝国崩溃更具代表性的事件是柏林墙的倒塌。一个接一个的国家从共产主义中解放出来—波兰,匈牙利,捷克斯洛伐克,罗马尼亚。1989年真是奇迹的一年。
NARRATOR: Poland was free now。 Solidarity had to liberate the Polish economy。 Late one night Sachs met the Solidarity economist Jacek Kuron in a Warsaw apartment。
旁白:波兰现在自由了,团结工会不得不解放波兰的经济。一天晚上萨克斯(Sachs)在华沙的一所公寓里会见了团结工会的经济学家杰西卡。库勒(Jacek Kuron)。
JEFFREY SACHS: I was trying to explain how you get out of this mess that the munist system had left behind。 Every couple of minutes he would pound on the table; ";Pah; pah; pah";  ";Yes; yes; yes; I understand。"; And we'd gone on  ";Pah; pah";  and it was very; you know。。。 it was really exciting。 We went on for a few hours like this。 I was exhausted。 The room was filled with smoke; and he said: ";Okay; clear。 Write up the plan。"; We got up。 I said: ";Well; this will be a great honor。 We'll send you something just as soon as we can。"; ";No; tomorrow morning I need the plan。"; I laughed; and he said; ";I'm absolutely serious; I need this written down now。";
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):我努力地跟他讲如何收拾共产主义体制丢下的烂摊子。每隔两分钟,他就拍一次桌子,“是,是,是”——“对,对,对,我明白”,我们一直谈,——“对,对”——这真的,真
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