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制高点-第8部分
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All across the heartland of America； ordinary people were hurting。
整个美国的普通人都受到损害。
DARREN SMITH； Farmer： Well； the interest rates； that just eats up your profit。 It bees very difficult to keep your business running right。 Nineteen eighties； the interest rates were up to 20 percent or better。 It was very interesting times。 I remember； you know； cash flows got very tight as things got tighter and tougher。 Creditors forced sales you know； "；e up with the cash or we're going to have to liquidate you。"； It's a hole that almost seems impossible that you can get out of。
DARREN SMITH，农场主：噢，利率，吞噬了你的利润。保持企业正常运转变得非常困难。利率达到20％或者更高。这是一个非常有趣的时代。我记得，你知道，随着生意变得越来越无利可图和困难，现金流也越来越紧。债权人在施加压力－你知道，“拿出钱来，否则我们就清算你。”这看起来几乎是一个你不可能摆脱的困境。
PAUL VOLCKER： If you had told me in August of 1979 that interest rates； the prime rate would get to ； I probably would have crawled into a hole。 I would have crawled into a hole and cried； I suppose。 But then we lived through it。 （laughs）
PAUL VOLCKER：如果你在1979年8月告诉我利率，基本利率将达到，那么我可能已经陷入了困境。我想，我本应该已经陷入困境，在那里哭泣的。但是那时我们挺过来了。（笑）
NARRATOR： It had taken three years three years of growing public anger； three years of real hardship for millions of Americans。 But by 1982； the dragon of inflation had been slain。
旁白：这持续了三年－这三年是公众的愤怒情绪不断增强的时期，也是对数百万美国人来说真正困难的时期。但是到1982年的时候，通货膨胀这条恶龙已经被消灭了。
PAUL VOLCKER： What changed drastically in the 1980s and running through today is the kind of presumption that inflation is bad。 The primary job of a central bank is to prevent inflation。 That's a very different environment than the '50s and '60s。
PAUL VOLCKER：“通货膨胀是糟糕的事情"；这个假定是经过八十年代的激烈变化确立的，并且一直使用到今天。中央银行的基本职责就是防止发生通货膨胀。这 与五十年代和六十年代的情况完全不同。
ANNOUNCER： Ladies and gentlemen； the president of the United States。
广播员：女士们、先生们，美国总统。
NARRATOR： Reagan and Volcker had set the United States on a new economic course。
旁白：里根和Volcker根据全新的经济路线改变了美国。
RONALD REAGAN： From our very first day； we have been working to undo the economic wreckage they left behind。
里根：从第一天开始，我们就在为解放他们留下的经济桎梏而工作。
NARRATOR： They called his policy Reaganomics。 It had four key elements。
旁白：他们把他的政策称之为里根经济政策，它包括四个关键要素。
LARRY LINDSEY： The first was the concept of sound money。 The second was deregulation。 The third was modest tax rates。 And the fourth was limited government spending。 Sounds pretty conventional now； but when Reagan was elected； he was vilified by his opponents as being some radical extremist。
LARRY LINDSEY：第一个是健全通货的概念；第二个是取消管制；第三个是合适的税率；第四个是限制政府支出。这些在现在看来是非常普通的，但当年里根却被他的对手辱骂为极端激进分子。
RONALD REAGAN： They just can't accept that their discredited policies of tax and tax； spend and spend； are at the root of our current problems。
里根：他们只是不能接受他们丧失了信用的税收和开支政策恰恰是通货问题的根源。
NARRATOR： Reagan's tax cuts； the biggest in history； led to huge deficits。 But the economy started to grow steadily again。
旁白：里根实行的历史上最大规模的减税导致了巨额财政赤字，但是经济开始再次稳步增长。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： There's no doubt in my mind that those actions of Reagan； lowering tax rates； plus his emphasis on deregulating unleashed the basic constructive forces of the free market； and from 1983 on； it's been almost entirely up。
弗里德曼：我毫不怀疑里根的那些措施－减税，再加上他强调取消管制，让自由市场基本的建设性力量发挥作用，所以从1983年至今，经济几乎一直在增长。
Chapter 17： War in the South Atlantic ＇1：41＇
第十七章：南大西洋上的战争
Onscreen title： Atlantic Ocean； 1982
字幕：大西洋，1982年
NARRATOR： Far away in the South Atlantic； a British expeditionary force was at sea。 Argentina had seized the Falkland Islands from Britain。 Margaret Thatcher risked a war to make the islands British once again。
旁白：一支英国远征军正在南大西洋上航行。阿根廷已经从英国手中夺取了福克兰群岛，而玛格丽特。撒切尔冒着打仗的风险也要把福克兰群岛夺回来。
Before the war her popularity was at rock bottom。 Victory in the Falklands ensured the survival of Margaret Thatcher's government。
战争之前，她的声望已经跌至谷底，但是福克兰群岛的胜利使得玛格丽特？撒切尔的政府避免了垮台的厄运。
CHARLES POWELL； Thatcher's Foreign Affairs Advisor； 19831991： The Falklands saved her。 The Falklands gave her a new lease on life to implement the policies on which she had embarked which were not yet producing results。 In effect； she gambled all on the Falklands； and she won decisively。 And that of course not only greatly bolstered her standing within the Tory Party； it bolstered her standing in the country； and it greatly enhanced her reputation internationally。
查尔斯。鲍威尔（CHARLES POWELL），撒切尔的外交事务顾问，1983－1991年：福克兰群岛拯救了她。福克兰群岛使她得以继续实行她那还未产生结果的政策。事实上，她在福克兰群岛问题上孤注一掷，结果她毫无疑问地胜利了。这不但极大支持了她在保守党内部的声望，而且也支持了她在整个国家的声望；另外也提高了她的国际威望。
NARRATOR： The Falklands War set her up politically to fight the final battle for the soul of the British economy。 The impact would be worldwide。
旁白：福克兰群岛战争在政治上为她提供与英国经济核心进行最终决战的武器；这种影响是世界范围的。
Chapter 18： The Heights Go Up for Sale ＇8：08＇
第十八章：出售制高点
NARRATOR： In 1945； Attlee's Labor government had nationalized the manding heights of the economy； bringing core industries into state ownership。 For Thatcherites； these state industries were now the primary target。
旁白：1945年，艾德礼的工党政府将经济的制高点国有化，把核心行业都收归国有。对撒切尔夫人的支持者来说这些国有企业是当前的主要目标。
JOHN REDWOOD； Head of Prime Minister's Policy Unit； 19831985： A whole lot of people who were left of center thought that nationalization was Britain's great gift to the world； and one of my phrases at the time was that having exported the disaster of nationalization to the world； Britain should offer them the antidote； it was the decent thing to do； to say we're very sorry； it didn't work。
JOHN REDWOOD，首相智囊团的首脑，1983－1985年：许多核心任务认为国有化是英国对世界的伟大贡献，那是我的一句惯用语就是那是向世界输出了国有化灾难，英国应该提供改正的方法。我们要做的是大方地说：我们很抱歉，那样是不对的。
MARGARET THATCHER （interviewed in 1993）： So the whole efficiency of nationalized industries was running down。 Why should they be efficient？ They had access to the Treasury purse。
撒切尔夫人（1993年访问）：这样看来国有行业的整体有效性丧失了。为什么它们应该有效率呢？他们可以拿到财政部的钱包。
NARRATOR： Thatcher wanted to end their dependence on government subsidies and submit them to the discipline of the marketplace。
旁白：撒切尔想要结束国有工业对政府补助的依赖，把它们放到市场上去锻炼。
JOHN REDWOOD： The nationalized industries fell to pieces。 They lost huge sums of money； they put the prices up massively and still weren't able to make a profit。 They were bleeding the nation dry； the taxpayer dry； and they weren't doing a good job for their customers。
JOHN REDWOOD：国有工业瓦解了。他们损失了数额巨大的钱财；他们太高了价格却仍然不能盈利。他们正在吸干国家和纳税人的血却没有为客户作任何有益的事情。
NARRATOR： The coal mines and the miners' union became Thatcher's biggest challenge。
旁白：煤矿和矿工工会是对撒切尔最大的挑战。
JOSEPH STANISLAW： The coal miners represented the last bastion of the socialist mindset in the UK。 One of the singularly most important economic/political events for the world economic system was Margaret Thatcher's government confrontation with the miners。
JOSEPH STANISLAW：煤矿工人象征着社会主义思想在英国的最后堡垒。世界经济制度中最异乎寻常地重要的经济/政治事件之一是玛格丽特？撒切尔的政府与煤矿工人之间面对面的对抗。
MARGARET THATCHER： We were quite clear： Uneconomic pits must close。 You could not go on pouring money into uneconomic pits。 It was taxpayers' money。
撒切尔夫人：我们非常清楚：赚不到钱的矿井必须关闭；你不能继续把钱投到不赚钱的矿井中去；那是纳税人的钱。
CECIL PARKINSON： If you look at our coal industry； the coal is very deep in the earth； it is hugely expensive to get out。
CECIL PARKINSON：如果你看看我们的煤矿工业，你会发现煤埋藏在地下很深的地方；把它们挖出来的代价非常高昂。
NARRATOR： Seventyfive percent of Britain's coal mines were losing money。 It took government subsidies of 3 billion a year to keep them going。 But these statistics were seen as irrelevant by men like Ken Capstick； one of the radical Socialists who led the miners' union。
旁白：75％的英国煤矿赔钱。为了维持它们运转政府每年要补贴30亿美元。但是这些统计数字在象Ken Capstick那样的人看来与主题无关，他是一个激进的社会主义者，领导着矿工工会。
KEN CAPSTICK； National Union of Miners： What they would say was that in America； for instance； coal produced at the pit head was cheaper than coal produced at the pit head here。
KEN CAPSTICK，全国矿工工会：他们要说的是美国产的煤，例如，比英国产的煤便宜。
NARRATOR： The union leaders argued that the government subsidies were money well spent if they kept 180；000 miners at work and able to feed their families。
旁白：工会领导人争论说如果能使180，000名矿工有工作而且能养活家人的话，政府补助就花得值得。
KEN CAPSTICK： Miners used to say and I can remember them saying it "；While ever I've got these I'll always have a job。"；
KEN CAPSTICK：矿工们过去常常说－我记得他们这样说－“虽然我已经拥有这些，但我总是要工作。”
NARRATOR： It was grudge match。 Both sides knew the miners had brought down Ted Heath's Conservative government 10 years earlier。 The fiery Marxist who led the National Union of Miners said no mine should be closed until the coal ran out。
旁白：这是一次有历史性影响的对抗。双方都知道矿工们在十年前推翻了Ted Heath的保守党政府。领导全国矿工联合会的激进马克思主义者说除非煤炭采完否则煤矿不能被关闭。
ARTHUR SCARGILL： Reaffirm the unanimous decision of March the eighth to declare official in accordance with Rule 41 the strike action。
ARTHUR SCARGILL：重申了三月达成的一致意见，官方第八次宣布罢工应合乎41法规。
The issue before our members is very clear。 They either accept the policies of the Coal Board and the government； which will result in the loss of 70；000 jobs； or alternatively； they stand on their feet like men。 They fight defend the jobs； defend their pits； and defend their dignity。
摆在议员面前的问题非常清楚。他们或者接受煤炭委员会和政府的政策－这会导致减少70，000个工作岗位，或者支持另一边。工人为保卫工作、包围煤矿和包围尊严而战。
NARRATOR： The strike was an epic clash of values which symbolized the wider battle of ideas： socialist against capitalist； free market against state ownership。 And it was a question of power： Who ruled Britain？
旁白：罢工是价值观的大冲撞，其标志是更大范围内的思想战争：社会主义者对资本家，自由市场对政府。
Illegal mass picketing outside working mines led to violent clashes with the police。
开工矿井外非法的群众岗哨引起了与警察的暴力冲突。
KEN CAPSTICK： It was the next thing to； you know； to a war。 We were faced with an enemy； and that enemy was out to destroy our livelihoods； out to destroy our pits； out to destroy our munities and what our munities stood for。 Miners and their families had a set of values that I don't think Margaret Thatcher could understand； values of socialism and Christianity。 The two things went hand in hand in many ways。
KEN CAPSTICK：你知道，下一件事就是战争。我们面对的敌人要破坏我们的生计，关闭我们的煤矿，破坏我们的团体和团体所代表的东西。矿工和他们的家人有自己的价值观－我认为玛这套价值体系是玛格丽特？撒切尔所不能理解的－社会主义和基督教的价值观，它们在许多方面密切相关。
NARRATOR： For more than a year the miners held out； until internal rifts and the desire of many to return to work brought the walkout to an end。
旁白：矿工们坚持了一年多，最终内部分裂和许多人希望回去工作的愿望使这场罢工得以结束。
MARGARET THATCHER （interviewed in 1993）： And then suddenly it collapsed； the strike； and the most powerful union with the most militant leader had failed。
撒切尔夫人（1993年采访）：然后突然就崩溃了，罢工和由最好斗的领导人领导的最有权力的工会是白了。
NARRATOR： Britain has changed。 Today； less than 3；000 work in the mines。
旁白：英国发生了变化。今天，还有不到3，000人在煤矿中工作。
KEN CAPSTICK： I feel devastated by what I see。 Grimethorpe had considerable reserves of coal when it was closed； plenty of work for those miners to continue to do to keep their families。 You can see the wasteland； you can see the social deprivation that it caused。 The children that are ing along no prospects； no future； people despairing because they can't find employment and the dignity that employment brings。 It's the market forces gone mad。
KEN CAPSTICK：你可以看到未开垦的荒地；我看到的令我震惊。煤矿被关闭时Grimethorpe还有相当大的储量，还有很多工作可以给那些矿工来做从而让他们可以养活家人。你可以看到它造成的社会掠夺。孩子们没有前途，没有未来；人们因失业和失业带来的尊严的丧失而绝望。这就是发疯的市场力量。
MARGARET THATCHER： The political consequences of the failure of the strike were incalculable。
撒切尔夫人：罢工失败带来的政治后果无法估量。
GORDON BROWN； Labor Finance Minister： The coalmining strike of the early 1980s was a tragedy for so many of the mining families that were involved in it。
GORDON BROWN，工党财政大臣：八十年代初期的煤矿工人罢工队卷入到其中的无数矿工家庭来说是一场悲剧。
NARRATOR： Perhaps the greatest political impact was on the Labor Party that had all along opposed Thatcher's freemarket policies。
旁白：可能最大的政治影响是影响了一直反对撒切尔自由市场政策的工党。
GORDON BROWN： I came into politics as someone who lived in an area which was an old mining munity。 The problem for the left in the past was that they equated the public interest with public ownership and public regulation； and therefore they assumed that markets were not therefore in the public interest。 What we have had to explain both to ourselves and to the country and now I believe it's possible to explain this to the rest of the world as well is that markets are in the public interest。
GORDON BROWN：我和一位居住在老矿区的人一起步入政界，过去遗留的问题是他们把公众利益与公众所有权和公众规则进行换算。他们因此假设市场不符合公众利益。我们不得不对自己和国家解释的事情－现在我相信这也可以向世界其他地方的人解释－是市场符合公众利益
DANIEL YERGIN： One of the most important things that the government of Margaret Thatcher does is invent this thing called privatization； that is； taking these stateowned panies； these nationalized industries； and selling shares to the public。
丹尼尔。尤金：最重要的事情这一是玛格丽特？撒切尔德政府确实创造了私有化，也就是说，把那些国有公司、国有化行业的股份卖给公众。
NARRATOR： One by one the Thatcher government put the manding heights of the British economy up for sale： electricity； telephones； oil； gas； coal； steel； trains； and planes even water。 Before long； twothirds of the stateowned industries were removed from government control and sold off into the private sector。 Who should control the manding heights governments or markets in Britain？ That battle was over。
旁白：撒切尔政府一个接一个出售了英国经济中的制高点：电力、电话、石油、天然气、煤炭、钢铁、铁路和航空－甚至自来水。�
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