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牛津实用英语语法-第27部分
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如果你想减轻体重,少吃面包。
If you see Tom tomorrow could you ask him to ring me?
如果你明天见到汤姆,你能让他给我打个电话吗?
(d)if+一般现在时+一般现在时
if+两个一般现在时可以用来表示自动产生或照例会产生的结果:
If you heat ice it turns to water.
如果把冰加热,它就化成水。(也可以用will turn。)
If there is a shortage of any product prices of that product go up.
如果某种产品短缺,那种产品的价格就上涨。
(e)当if用来表示 as/since(参见第338节A)时,主句中就可能使用多种不同时态:
—Ann hates London.
—If she hates it why does she live there?/she ought to move out.
—安讨厌伦敦。
—既然她讨厌伦敦,她为什么还住在那里?/她应当搬走。(If she hates it可用If so来代替。)
当然这已不是一个真正的条件句了。
2 if从句的各种变化形式
if+一般现在时可能用下列时态替代以表示条件:
(a)if+现在进行时,表示现在的动作或将来的安排:
If you are waiting for a bus you’d better join the queue.
如果你是在等公共汽车,你最好排队。(现在的动作)
If you are looking for Peter you’ll find him upstairs.
如果你是在找彼得,到楼上就会找到他。(现在的动作)
If you are staying for another night I’ll ask the manager to give you a bet-ter room.
如果你还要住一夜,我就请经理给你安排一个好一点的房间。(将来的安排)
(b)if+现在完成时:
If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.
如果你吃完了,我就叫侍者来算帐。
If he has written the letter I’ll post it.
如果他写完了信,我就把它寄走。
If they haven’t seen the museum we’d better go there today.
如果他们没参观过那个博物馆,我们今天最好去那里。
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'Amber demo'
222 条件句类型2
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A if从句中的动词用一般过去时,主句中的动词用条件时态:
If I had a map I would lend it to you.
我要有地图就借给你。(但我没有地图。句子的含义是指现在。)
If someone tried to blackmail me I would tell the police.
如果有人企图敲诈我,我就向警察告发。(但我想不会有人敲诈我。句子的含义是指将来。)
第一类和第二类条件句之间并不存在时间上的差别。像第一类条件句一样,第二类指的是现在或将来; if从句中的过去时不是真正的过去时,只是一种虚拟语气,表示不真实(如上述第一个例子)或不大可能(如上述第二个例子)。
B 类型2有以下用法:
1 所假设的事与已知的事实相反时:
If I lived near my office I’d be in time for work.
要是我住的离办公楼近,我上班就不会迟到。(但我不住在办公楼附近。)
If I were you I’d plant some trees round the house.
如果我是你的话,我就会在房子周围种一些树。(但我不是你。)
2 说话人认为从句中的动作不会发生时:
If a burglar came into my room at night I’d scream.
要是半夜三更窃贼闯进我的房间,我就会拼命叫喊。(但我不认为会有窃贼闯入我的房间。)
If I dyed my hair blue everyone would laugh at me.
要是我把头发染成蓝色,大家就要笑我了。(但我不想染它。)
有些if从句可以有上述两种含义中的一种:
If he left his bicycle outside someone would steal it.
要是他把自行车放在外面,会有人把它偷走。
If he left his bicycle可以意指可他没有(如上述 1中的用法,指的是现在)或他没这么打算(如上述2中的用法,指的是将来)。但真正的含义通常从上下文中可以看清楚。
这种语义混淆可以通过使用were/was+不定式而不用上述类型2中的一般过去时来避免。
if he/she/it were可以代替 if he/she/it was,而且被认为是更正确的形式:
If he were to resign…相当于:
If he resigned…
他万一(果真)要辞职的话……
If I were to succeed…相当于:
If I succeeded…
我竟然(果真)会成功的话……
were的这种用法主要见于相当正式的句子里。
if he/she/it was+不定式在日常口语中是可以的,但是如上例所示那样使用过去时态更为常见。
3 有时类型2可以用做类型1的替代形式,表示完全有可能实现的计划和建议。这种用法颇易引起混淆:
—Will Mary be in time if she gets the ten o’clock bus?
—No,but she’d be in time if she go the nine-thirty bus./No, but she’ll be in time if she gets the nine-thirty bus.
—如果玛丽赶上10点钟的公共汽车,她会及时到达吗?
—不会的,但是如果她赶上9点30分的汽车,她就会及时到达。
—We’ll never save£ 100!
—If we each saved£ 10 a week we’d do it in ten weeks./If we each save £10 a week we’ll do it in ten weeks.
—我们永远攒不了100英镑!
—要是我们每人每周储蓄十英镑,我们在十周后就会做到。
以类型2的形式表示建议要比以类型1的形式有礼貌些,就如同用would you表示要求要比will you更有礼貌一样。但学生不必在类型2的这种用法上花过多工夫。
C 基本形式可能的变化形式
1 主句的变化
(a)可以用might或could而不用 would:
If you tried again you would succeed.
要是你再试一试,你会成功的。(可靠的结果)
If you tried again you might succeed.
要是你再试一试,可能会成功。(可能的结果)
If I knew her number I could ring her up.
要是我知道她的号码,就能给她打电话。(能力)
If he had a permit he could get a job.
要是他有许可证的话,就可以找到工作。(能力或允许)
(b)可以用条件时态中的进行时而不用其一般时:
—Peter is on holiday;he is touring Italy.
—If I were on holiday I would/might be touring Italy too.
—彼得在休假,他在意大利旅游。
—如果我在休假,我也会(可能)在意大利旅游。
(c)希望表达过去自动的或习惯性的反应时,可以在if+过去时后再跟一个过去时。可以与第221节B1(d)所提到if+两个现在时态相比较。注意:这里的过去时具有过去的含义:
If anyone interrupted him he got angry.
如果有人打扰他,他就会生气。(每当有人打扰他时)
If there was a scarcity of anything,prices of that thing went up.
如果什么物品短缺,那种物品的价格就会上涨。
(d)当if用来表示as或since的时候,主句中可能用各种时态。这里if+过去时态具有过去的含义。这种句子并不是真正的条件句。
—The pills made him dizzy.All the same he bought/has bought/is buy-ing some more.
—If they made him dizzy why did he buy/has he bought/is he buying more?
—那种药使他头晕。尽管如此,他还是又买了一些/又再买了一些/还要再买一些。
—如果那些药使他头晕,那他为什么还买了/买/还准备再买?
—I knew she was short of money.
—If you knew she was short of money you should have lent her some./why didn’t you lend her some?
—我知道她缺钱。
—如果你知道她缺钱,你应该借给她一些。/你为什么不借给她一些?
2 if从句的各种变化
有时不用if+一般过去时,而可以用下列各种时态:
(a)if+过去进行时
(We’re going by air and)I hate flying.If we were going by boat I’d feel much happier.
(我们准备乘飞机去而)我讨厌乘飞机。要是我们乘船去的话我会感到愉快得多。
If my car was working I would/could drive you to the station.
要不是我的车坏了,我会开车送你去车站的。
(b)if+过去完成时
If he had taken my advice he would have heen a rich man now.
如果他听了我的劝告,他现在会是一个有钱人了。(这是类型2和类型3的混合用法。第223节中将再举一些这种例子。)
(关于if+would,参见第224节。)
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'Amber demo'
223 条件句类型3
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A if从句中的动词用过去完成时,主句中的动词用条件完成时。这种句子所指的时间是过去;所提出的条件是不可能实现的,因为if从句中的动作在过去并未发生。
If I had known that you were ing I would have met you at the air-port.
要是我早知道你要来的话,我就会在机场接你了。(但我不知道,所以我也没去。)
If he had tried to leave the country he would have been stopped at the frontier.
要是他当时试图离开这个国家,他就会在边界被阻拦。(但他并未这样做。)
B 基本形式可能的变化形式
1 可以用could或might而不用would:
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.
要是我们那时早点找到他的话,我们会把他救活的。(能力)
If we had found him earlier we might have saved his life.
要是我们那时早点找到他的话,我们可能会把他救活的。(可能性)
If our documents had been in order we could have left at once.
要是我们的证明文件都齐备的话,我们那时就能够马上走。(能力或允许)
2 可以用条件完成进行时:
At the time of the accident I was sitting in the back of the car,because Tom’s little boy was sitting beside him in front.If Tom’s boy had not been there I would have been sitting in front.
事故发生的时候,我坐在车子的后座,因为汤姆的小儿子坐在前边他的身旁。要是汤姆的孩子没坐在那里的话,我就会坐在前面了。
3 可以在if从句中用过去完成进行时:
I was wearing a seat belt.If I hadn’t been wearing one I’d have been seriously injured.
我当时系了安全带。要是没有系上的话,我就会受重伤了。
4 可以把类型2和类型3结合起来:
The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed.If I had caught that plane I would be dead now/I would have been killed.
我原想赶乘的那架飞机坠毁了,所有乘客都遇难身亡。要是我赶上了那架飞机,我也就没命了/我就会摔死了。(类型 3)
If I had worked harder at school I would be sitting in a fortable office now;I wouldn’t be sweeping the streets.
要是在上学时学习再努力一些,我现在就会坐在舒适的办公室里,而
不会是在扫大街了。(但我上学时不努力,因而我现在在扫大街。)
5 had可以位于句首并省略if:
If you had obeyed orders this disaster would not have happened.相当于:
Had you obeyed orders this disaster would not have happened.
要是你当时服从了命令,这场灾难就不会发生了。
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'Amber demo'
224 if从句中的will/would和should
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通常这些助动词不用于条件句中的if之后,然而以下情况例外。
A if you will/would常用于有礼貌的请求中,此时可用更有礼貌的形式would。
If you will/would wait a moment I’ll see if Mr Jones is free.
请您稍候片刻,我看看琼斯先生是否有空。(请等候)
I would be very grateful if you would make the arrangements for me.
如果您能为我安排一下,我将不胜感激。
假如这种要求在当时的情况下通常都会提出,已成为套话,if you would+动词原形就常常单独使用。这表示说话人认为对方理所当然会照办。
If you’d fill up this form.
请填好这张表。
(in a hotel) If you’d just sign the register.
(在旅馆中)请在登记簿上签名。
(in a shop)If you’d put your address on the back of the cheque.
(在商店里)请在支票的背面写下你的地址。
(in a classroom)If you’d open your books.
(在教室里)请打开你们的书。
B 表示愿意的if+will/would适用于所有人称:
If he’ll listen to me I’ll be able to help him.
如果他听我说,我就会帮助他。(如果他乐意听……)
If Tom would tell me what he wants for his dinner I’d cook it for him.
如果汤姆愿意告诉我他晚饭要吃什么,我就会做给他吃。(说话人的意思是说汤姆不愿告诉她。)如在这里使用won’t时,则意味着拒绝:
If he won’ t listen to me I can’t help him.
如果他不肯听我的话,我就不能帮他的忙。(如果他不愿听/如果他拒绝听……)
If they won’t accept a cheque we’ll have to pay cash.
如果他们不愿接受支票我们就只能付现金。(如果他们拒收……)
C Will 可以用来表示执意坚持(参见第230节B):
If you will play the drums all night no wonder the neighbours plain.
如果你一定要整夜敲鼓的话,那就难怪邻居抱怨。(要是你执意敲的话……)
D if+would like/care 可以用来代替 if+want/wish,而且比后者有礼貌:
If you would like to e I’ll get a ticket for you.
如果你想来,我就给你弄一张票。
If you’d care to see the photographs I’ll bring them round
如果你有兴趣看那些照片,我就带来。
If he’d like to leave his car here he can.
如果他想把车停放在这里,他可以这样做。
但是,如果改写一下句子,使 would like没有宾语,就可以省掉 would:
If you like I’ll get a ticket for you.
如果你喜欢,我就给你弄一张票。
但是说:
If you’d like a ticket I’ll get one for you.
(译文同上。)
If he likes he can leave his car here.
如果他愿意,他可以把车停放在这里。
但是说:
If he’d like to leave his car here he can./ He can leave it here
if he’d like to.(译文同上。)
E if+should可以用于条件句类型1,用来表示动作虽有可能实现但可能性不很大。它常和祈使句结合使用,而且主要用于 书面的说明中:
If you should have any difficulty in getting spare parts ring this number.
万一你买备件时遇到什么困难,请打这个电话号码。
If these biscuits should arrive in a damaged condition please inform the factory at once.
饼干运到时如有损坏,请立即通知本厂。
should可以位于句首而省略掉if:
Should these biscuits arrive…
(译文同上。)
(参见第225节B。)
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'Amber demo'
225 if + were以及主语和助动词的倒装
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A 用 if+were而不用 if+was的情况
1 通常两种形式都可以用,were更适合较正式的英语:
If she was/were offered the job she’d take it.
如果给她提供那份工作,她就会接受。(两者都可用。)
If Tom was/were here he’d know what to do.
如果汤姆在这里,他会知道该怎么办。
2 If I were/was you I would/should…是一种表示劝告的方式,were要比was用得普遍些:
‘If I were you I would wait a bit,’ he said.
他说:“我要是你的话,就再等一会儿。”(参见第287节C。)
were用于带to的不定式结构的情况更为常见:
If Peter were/was to apply for the post he’d get it.
要是彼得申请这个职务,他会得到的。(参见第222节B。)
3 以助动词置于主语前而构成条件句时,则只用were而不用was:
Were I Tom I would refuse.
如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝的。(参见下面B。)
if 意为since(由于,既然,参见第222节C)时,was不能由were代替;在 if only(参见第228节)和wish(参见第300节)之后,were可以由was来代替。
B 在正式的英语中, if + 主语 + 助动词结构中可以省略if,同时使助动词位于主语前面:
If I were in his shoes…相当于:
Were I in his shoes…
如果我处于他的地位……
If you should require anything… 相当于:
Should you require anything…
你需要什么的话……
If he had known… 相当于:
Had he known…
要是他当时知道的话……
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'Amber demo'
226 if,even if,whether,unless,but for,
otherwise,provided, suppose
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A even if(=even though即便)
请比较下面两个例句:
You must go tomorrow if you are ready.
如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。
You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。
B whether…or(=if…or是否)
You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.
无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。
C unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非)
Unless you start at once you’ll be late.相当于:
If you don’t start at once you’ll be late.
除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。
Unless you had a permit you couldn’t get a job.相当于:
If you hadn’t a permit you couldn’t get a job.
除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。
注意下面两个例句间的区别:
(a) Don’t call ′me if you need help.
如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。
(b) Don’t call me unless you need help.
除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。
在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。
unless+he’d/you’d like/prefer等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldn’t like等:
I’ll ask Tom,unless you’d prefer me to ask/unless you’d rather I asked Bill.
我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。
D but for(=if it were not for/if it hadn’t been for不然)
My father pays me fees.But for that I wouldn’t be here.
我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。
The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.
汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。
E otherwise(=if this doesn’t happen/didn’t happen/hadn’t happened否则)
We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.
我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:
If we are not back by midnight we’ll be locked out.
如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。
Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldn’t be here.
她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:
If her father didn’t pay her fees she wouldn’t be here.
要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。
I used my calculator; otherwise I’d have taken longer.
我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:
If I hadn’t used my calculator I’d have taken longer.
要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。
F 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise:
We must be early or(else) we won’t get a seat.
我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。
G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:
You can camp here provided you leave no mess.
你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。
H suppose/supposing…?(=what if…?假如)
Suppose the plane is l
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