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牛津实用英语语法-第29部分
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'Amber demo'
236 it is/was+形容词+ that… should结构
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A that…should结构可以用于 it is/was advisable, better, de- sirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary之后;也可用于fair(=just),just,right 之后(这几个词前面常
加 only)以及 reasonable之后,以代替 for+不定式结构:
It is advisable that everyone should have a map.
最好每一个人都有一张地图。
It is better for him to hear it from you.
让他从你那儿得知消息(对他)更好些。
It is better that he should hear it from you.
最好让他从你那儿得知这个消息。
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
有必要让他对此有所准备。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
(译文同上。)
It is only right that she should have a share.
应该有她一份才对。
有时should在be之前可省略:
It is essential that he be prepared.
B that…should 结构可以用在 it is/was absurd, amazing, an- noying, ludicrous,odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising之类的形容词后面,以代替that+现在时态/过去时态结构:
It is ridiculous that we should be(=that we are) short of water in a country where it is always raining,
在经常下雨的国家里我们竟然会缺水,这简直是荒谬。
说过去的事情时有时用不定式的完成式:
It is amazing that she should have said(=that she said) nothing about the murder.
令人惊奇的是她对这桩凶杀案竟然不置一词。
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'Amber demo'
237 should的其他用法
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A 当说话人对某种设想是否合理或正当提出疑问时,可把
should用于 can’ t think why/don’t know why/see no reason why:等后面:
I don’t know why you should think that I did it.
我真不知道你凭什么竟会认为这件事是我干的。
I see no reason why you should interfere in their quarrel.
我不明白你有什么理由竟然会介入他们的争吵。
当这种设想与过去的事情有关时则用完成式:
I can’t think why he should have said that it was my fault.
我真不明白他怎么能说这是我的过错。
B 作为一种惯用表达法,should与 what,where,who连用以形象生动地表达惊奇的感情:
What should I find but an enormous spider!
怎么也想不到我看见的竟是一只巨大的蜘蛛!
这种惊奇经常掺杂着令人为难的因素:
Who should e in but his first wife!
怎么也想不到进来的竟是他的前妻!
C should用在 lest后面,有时也用在 in case后面:
1 在书面语中,lest…should结构有时放在表示惧怕或担心的词后面:
He was terrified lest he should slip on the icy rocks.
他害怕在结冰的石块上滑倒。
对过去的动作表示担心时用should+完成式:
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident.
她开始担心他出了什么事。
2 lest也可用于目的从句,表示 for fear that(惟恐):
He dared not spend the money lest someone should ask where he had got it.
他不敢花这笔钱,怕有人问他钱是从哪儿来的。
如上所示这是一种书面形式。
在这种情况下 in case较 lest更常用,后面可跟 should或一般现在时或一般过去时:
in case someone should ask/someone asked
惟恐万一有人问起(另参见第227节与第337节。)
D should 有时用于目的从句以代替 would/could:
He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him.
他戴了一个面罩,好让别人认不出他来。(参见第336节。)
E 在条件句中用should代替现在时态:
If the pain should return take another of these pills.
疼痛复发时,可再吃一片这些药。(参见第224节。)
F should 还用于颇为正式的间接命令,这种命令不一定是向对方直接发出的:
He ordered that Tom should leave the house.
他下命令叫汤姆离开这所房子。(参见第321节B。)
与下面一句比较一下:
He ordered Tom to leave.
他命令汤姆离开。(他亲自告诉汤姆。)
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'Amber demo'
第二十三章?不定式?
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'Amber demo'
238 形式
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A 动词不定式各种形式的举例
不定式的现在式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to work, to do
不定式的现在进行式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?to be working
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to be doing
不定式的完成式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to have worked,
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to have done
定式的完成进行式:牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?to have been working
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 to have been doing
不定式的现在式的被动形式:牋牋牋?to be done
不定式的完成式的被动形式:牋牋牋?to have been done
B 不定式的整个形式包括两个字:to+动词,如上所示;但在一些特定的动词和表达方法之后用不带to的不定式形式(参见第246节):
You had better say nothing.
你最好什么也不说。(参见第120节。)
C 一般不宜在to与动词之间置入别的字;但有时有人这样用,见第248节分裂不定式。
D 为了避免重复,有时不定式的to可代替整个不定式:
— Do you smoke?
—No,but I used to(smoke).
—你吸烟吗?
—不,但我以前吸烟。(参见第247节。)
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'Amber demo'
239 用法
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A 不定式可以单独使用,如 We began to walk(我们开始走了);或作为不定式短语的一部分,如 We began to walk down the road(我们开始沿路步行)。
B 不定式可作句子的主语。(参见第240节。)
C 不定式可作表语:
His plan is to keep the affair secret.
他的计划是将这件事保密。
D 不定式可作动词的宾语或宾语的一部分,直接跟在动词之后:He wants to pay(他想要付钱)。(参见第241节与第243节。)或跟在动词+ how, what等结构之后。(参见第242节。)或跟在动词+宾语之后: He wants me to pay(他想要我付钱)。(参见第243节与第244节。)
E be+不定式可表示命令或指示。(参见第114节。)
F 不定式可表示目的。(参见第334节。)
G 不定式可用于某些形容词之后:
angry glad happy sorry(参见第26节。)
fortunate likely lucky(参见第27节。)
H 不定式可连接从句。(参见第249节。)
I 不定式有时可代替关系从句。(参见第77节与第250节。)J 不定式可用于某些名词之后。(参见第251节。)
K 不定式可与too/enough以及某些特定的形容词/副词连用。(参见第252节。)
L 某些不定式短语如 to tell the truth, to cut a long story short等可置于句首或句末。(参见第253节。)
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'Amber demo'
240 作主语
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A 不定式或不定式短语可作动词appear,be,seem的主语,这时不定式可位于句首:
To promise appears advisable.
看来以妥协为好。
To lean out of the window is dangerous.
身探出窗外很危险。
To save money now seems impossible.
现在好像不可能存钱。
B 但更经常的做法是将代词it置于句首,而将不定式或不定式短语移至句末:
It appears advisable to promise.
It is dangerous to lean out of the window.
It seemed impossible to save money.
在这里的it称为先行主语。注意它在疑问句中使用的情况:
Would it be safe to camp here?
在这里宿营安全吗?
Wouldn’t it be better to go on?
继续走下去不是更好吗?
这里必须用 it结构,否则会产生 Would+to camp和Wouldn’t+to go on那样的语序,而那样是不可以的。
C 通常这一类不定式结构由 it+be+形容词+不定式组成。
(参见第26节与第27节。)
但有时也可用名词代替形容词:
It would be a crime/a mistake/a pity to cut down any more trees.
再砍伐树木将是一种犯罪/是一个错误/是个遗憾。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street.
在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。
D cost/take+宾语+不定式(主语)也是可行的:
It would cost millions/take years to rebuild the castle.
重建这座城堡需要花数百万元/许多年的时间。
E 从一般的角度考虑一种动作时,可用动名词而不用不定式,但用不定式更为保险。但我们想要指特定的一次时,必须用不定式:
He said,‘Do e.’It was impossible to refuse.
他说:“一定来。”不可能拒绝他的要求。
但是说:
It is not always easy to refuse invitations.
别人的邀请往往无法轻易拒绝。
It is not always easy to refuse invitations可以用 Refusing invi- tations is not always easy来代替。在这里这一动作是从一般的角度考虑的,所以动名词和不定式都可以。(另参见第258节。)
F it+不定式结构可位于 believe/consider/discover/expect/ find/think(that)和wonder(if)之后:
He thought(that) it would be safer to go by train.
他认为乘火车去较安全。
这样用的 find之后可省略 that+动词 be:
He found(that) it was easy to earn extra money./He found it easy to earn extra money.
他发现赚点外快很容易。
He will find(that) it is hard to make friends./ He will find it hard to make friends.
他会感觉到交朋友困难。
有时think也可这样用:
He thought it safer to go.
他认为去更安全一些。
在其他动词之后仍以不省略be为好。(关于类似的动名词结构,参见第258节。)
G 不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语:
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
这里同样也可用it作为先行主语:
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。
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'Amber demo'
241 作宾语和作表语
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A 后面直接跟动词不定式的动词
agree**牋牋牋牋牋牋 be determined**牋牋 pretend*
aim牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?endeavour牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?proceed
appear*fail牋牋牋牋?promise*
arrange**牋牋牋牋?forget*牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?prove*
ask**牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 guarantee*牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 refuse
attempt牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 happen*牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 remember*
bother(否定)牋?hesitate牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?resolve**
care(否定)牋牋牋 hope牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 seem*
choose牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 learn *牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?swear*
claim**牋牋牋牋牋牋 long牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?tend
condescend牋牋牋牋?manage牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 threaten*
consent牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?neglect牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?trouble(否定)
decide**牋牋牋牋牋 offer牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 try(=attempt)
decline牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 plan牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?undertake*
demand**牋牋牋牋 prepare牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?volunteer
determine**牋牋?be prepared牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?vow
* 参见D。
** 参见F。
助动词
be牋牋牋牋牋牋?dare牋牋牋牋?have牋牋牋牋牋牋?must牋牋牋牋 ought牋牋?will
can牋牋牋牋牋?do牋牋牋牋牋牋 may牋牋牋牋牋牋?need牋牋牋牋?zhall used
(关于动词后接宾语+不定式,参见第244节。关于动词后接不定式或动名词,参见第二十五章。)
B 后面也可接不定式的短语
be about
be able+afford
do one’s best/
do what one can
make an/every effort
make up one’s mind*(=decide)
it+occur*+to+宾语(否定式或疑问式)
set out
take the trouble
turn out*(=prove to be)
* 参见D。
C A和B的例句
She agreed to pay £ 50.
她同意付50英镑。
Two men failed to return from the expedition.
探险队有两个人未能返回。
I managed to put the fire out.
我好歹把火扑灭了。
They are preparing(= getting ready) to evacuate the area.
他们正准备从这一地区撤离。
We are not prepared(=willing) to wait any longer.
我们不准备再等了。
The tenants refused to leave.
房客拒绝搬出。
Prices always tend to go up.
物价总是趋于上涨。
She volunteered to help with Meals on Wheels.
她自愿帮助给老、弱、病、残送饭上门。
He is just about to leave.
他正要离开。(参见第114节C。)
We can’t afford to live in the centre.
在市中心生活,费用我们负担不起。
He didn’ t bother/trouble to answer personally.
他嫌麻烦不愿亲自回答。
与上面相反的例子:
He took the trouble to answer personally.
他不嫌麻烦亲自回答。
D 上面标有星号的词或短语也可以与that从句连用(参见第346节):
I promise to wait.相当于:
I promise that I will wait.
我答应等候。
He pretended to be angry.相当于:
He pretended that he was angry.
他假装生气。
occur to+宾语+ that用于肯定式、否定式和疑问式。注意这个结构跟occur+不定式在意义上的区别:
It didn’t occur to me to ask him for proof of his identity.
我没有想到向他要身份证明。(我没有想到要这样做。)
It occurred to me that he was trying to conceal something.
我突然想到他是在想法隐瞒什么。(这念头出现在我的脑中。)
appear, happen, seem, turn out与 that结构连用时,要求用 it 作句子的先行主语:
It turned out that his ‘country cottage’ was an enormous bungalow.
他的“乡下的小房”原来是一座极大的平房。
请与不定式结构比较一下:
His ‘country cottage’ turned out to be an enormous bungalow.(译文同上。)
E 但动词+不定式结构的意思并不一定与同一动词+ that从句结构的意思相同。在learn,forget,occur(参见上面D)和remember后面,这两种结构的意思不同:
He learnt to look after himself.
他学会照料自己。
He learnt(=was told) that it would cost £ 100.
他听说那会花去100英镑。
He forgot to leave the car keys on the table.
他忘了把汽车钥匙留在桌上。(他没有留下。)
He forgot that his brother wanted to use the car.
他忘了他的兄弟要用汽车。
remember后面的两种结构同样可以有不同的意思。
agree/decide+不定式表示意图。
agree that… 表示同意一种观点。
decide that… 表示一种结论或决定,但并不一定会将之付诸行动。
F 上面带两个星号的动词后面可接不定式,也可接that… should结构。that…should结构在被动语态中尤其常用(参见第302节):
They decided/agreed to divide the profits equally.
他们决定/同意平均分配利润。
They decided that the profits should be divided equally.
他们决定利润平分。
I arranged to meet/for Tom to meet them.
我安排去接/安排汤姆去接他们。
I arranged that Tom should meet them.
我安排好叫汤姆去接他们。
I arranged that they should be met.
我安排人去接他们。
G 不定式的进行式常常用在appear,happen,pretend和seem等动词之后:
I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived.
他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。
He seems to be following us.
他似乎在跟着我们。
不定式的进行式也可用在 agree, arrange, decide, determine, hope, manage, plan之后和助动词之后。(参见第254节。)
H 不定式的完成式可以用在appear,hope,pretend,seem等之后和助动词之后。(参见第255节。)
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'Amber demo'
242 动词+ how/what/when/
where/which/why+不定式
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A 这类动词中最常用的有 ask, decide, discover, find out, for- get,know, learn, remember, see(= understand/perceive),show+宾语, think, understand, want to know,wonder:
He discovered how to open the safe.
他发现了打开保险柜的方法。
I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
我找到了买便宜水果的地方。
I didn’t know when to switch the machine off.
我不知道什么时候关掉机器。
I showed her which button to press.
我告诉她应该按哪一个按钮。
She couldn’t think what to asy.
她想不出说什么。
(注意:这种结构不常用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后,或者如上面最后一个例句那样,用于前面还有一个助动词的think之后。)
B whether+不定式同样可以用于 want to know, wonder之后:
I wonder/wondered whether to write or phone.
我不知道应该写信还是应该打电话。
这种结构还可以用于表示否定意义或疑问意义的decide, know, remember和 think后面:
You needn’t decide yet whether to study arts or science.
你现在不必决定学习文科还是理科。
He couldn’t remember whether to turn left or right.
他没记住向左拐还是向右拐。
C ask,decide,forget,learn,remember 等词后也可以直接跟不定式。(参见第241节。)但其含义并不一定相同。
learn how+不定式(=acquire a skill学会技能):
She learnt how to make lace.
她学会了怎样做花边。
如果是相当普通的技能,通常就不用how:
She learnt to drive a car.
她学会了开汽车。
learn+不定式(不带how)可以有另一种含义:
She learnt to trust nobody.
她信不过任何人。相当于:
She found from experience that it was better to trust nobody.
经验告诉她,谁都不可靠。
同时注意:
I decided to do it.
我决定要做这件事。相当于:
I said to myself,‘I’ll do it.’
我心里想:“我要做这件事。”
I decided how to do it.
我决定了如何去做这件事。相当于:
I said to myself,‘ I’ll do it this way.’
我心里想:“我要这样做。”
I remembered to get a ticket.
我没忘了弄一张票。(我弄到一张票。)
I remembered where to get a ticket.
我记得到哪儿买票。(我记得可以从音乐节办公室买到票。)
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'Amber demo'
243 动词或动词+宾语之后的不定式
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A 这类动词中最重要的有 ask, beg, expect, would hate, help, intend,like(=think wise/right), would like(=enjoy),would love, mean, prefer, want, wish:
He likes to eat well.
他喜欢吃得好一点。
He likes his staff to eat well.
他喜欢要他的工作人员吃得好一点儿。
I want to ride.I want you to ride too.
我想骑马。我想要你去骑马。
B ask和 beg
ask+不定式的含义与ask+宾语+不定式不同:
I asked to speak to Mrs Jones.
我要找琼斯太太谈话。相当于:
I said,‘Could I speak to Mrs Jones?’
我说:“我能跟琼斯太太讲话吗?”
但是
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