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牛津实用英语语法-第30部分
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I said,‘Could I speak to Mrs Jones?’
我说:“我能跟琼斯太太讲话吗?”
但是:
I asked Bill to speak to her.
我要比尔找她谈一谈。
I said,‘Bill, would you speak to her?’
我说:“比尔,请你找她谈一谈好吗?”
beg也是同样情况,尽管beg之后通常不直接跟不定式:
I begged(to be allowed) to go.
我请他允许我去。相当于:
I said,‘Please let me go.’
我说:“请让我去。”
I begged him to go.
我要求他去。相当于:
I said,‘Please go.’
我说:“请你去吧。”
ask和beg后面可接that…should结构。(参见第235节。)
C expect+不定式和expect+宾语+不定式可有相同含义:
I expect to arrive tomorrow.
我预计明天到达。相当于:
I think it is likely that I will arrive tomorrow.
我想我很可能明天到达。
I expect him to arrive tomorrow.
我预计他明天到达。相当于:
I think it is likely that he will arrive tomorrow.
我想他很可能明天到达。
但expect+宾语+不定式常常含有义务的意思:
He expects his wife to bring him breakfast in bed at weekends.
他指望他妻子在周末把早饭送到床边。(他认为他妻子有义务这样做。)
expect后面也可跟that+主语+动词结构,这时不含有义务的意思。
D 关于 care, hate, like, love和 prefer与不定式或动名词连用的例句请参见第294至第298节。intend,mean和want后面也可接动名词。(参见第266节。)
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'Amber demo'
244 动词+宾语之后的不定式
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A 这类动词中最重要的有:
advise牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?forbid牋牋牋牋牋牋?make(b)牋牋牋?show how
allow牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?force牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 oblige牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?teach/teach how
bribe牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?hear(b)牋牋牋 order牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 tell/tell how
mand牋牋牋牋牋 implore牋牋牋牋牋?permit tempt
pel牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 induce牋牋牋牋牋牋 persuade牋牋牋牋牋?train
enable牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?instruct牋牋牋牋牋 remind牋牋牋牋牋牋?urge
encourage牋牋牋牋牋 invite牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 request牋牋牋牋牋牋?warn
entitle牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 let(b)牋牋牋牋?see(b)牋牋牋牋牋 watch(b)
feel(b)
(b)意指“不带to的不定式”。(参见第246节。)
advise,allow和permit也可以与动名词连用。
(关于表示知道和思想一类意思的动词,参见第245节。)
B 动词+宾语+不定式举例如下:
These glasses will enable you to see in the dark.
这眼镜能使你在黑暗中也能看到东西。
She encouraged me to try again.
她鼓励我再试一遍。
They forbade her to leave the house./She was forbidden to leave the house.(较常用)
他们不允许她离开房间。/不许她离开房间。
Nothing would induce me to do business with them.
什么也不能诱使我同他们打交道。
They persuaded us to go with them.
他们说服我们同他们一起走。
They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs.
他们正在训练这些狗嗅出毒品。
C show/teach/tell+how
show 与不定式连用时要加 how:
He showed me how to change a fuse.
他给我示范怎样换保险丝。
tell how +不定式(= instruct教):
He told me how to replace a fuse.
他教我怎样换保险丝。(他给我必要的知识或说明。)
tell+宾语+不定式(= order命令):
He told me to change the fuse.
他叫我换保险丝。相当于:
He said,‘Change the fuse. ’
他说:“换一换保险丝。”
teach how(教……如何):
要表达教某人(如何)游泳、跳舞、打字、骑马等时可以说:
He taught me how to light a fire without matches.
他教我如何不用火柴就能点火。
对比较普通的技能提问时虽可以使用how,但how常可以省略:
He taught me to ride.
他教我骑马。
teach+宾语+不定式(不与how连用)也可以意指教导或训练某人以某一方式行事:
He taught me to obey all mands without asking questions.
他教我毫无疑义地服从命令。
D remind, show, teach, tell后面也可以接 that结构:
He reminded me that the road was dangerous.
他提醒我道路危险。
He showed me that it was quite easy.
他向我表明这是很容易的。
注意: tell+ that从句的含义不同于tell+不定式:
He told(= ordered) me to go.
他叫我走。
He told(= informed) me that I was late.
他告诉我说我迟到了。
E request 后面也可以接that+ should结构,这主要用于被动语态:
He requested that the matter should be kept secret.
他请求对这件事保密。
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'Amber demo'
245 表示知道和思想等的动词之后的不定式
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A 在 assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand 等之后可接宾语+ to be:
I consider him to be the best candidate.
我认为他是最佳人选。
但that+普通动词的结构比这常用得多:
I consider that he is the best candidate.
(译文同上。)
宾语+不定式与 think, estimate和 presume 等动词连用是极少见的。这种表达方法常用that从句来代替:
I think that he is the best player.
我认为他是最好的演奏家/演员/运动员。
It is estimated that the vase is 2,000 years old.
据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。
B 然而,如果这些动词是以被动形式出现的,那么它们后面常常带不定式而不是带that结构:
He is known to be honest.相当于:
It is known that he is honest.
众所周知,他是个老实人。
He is thought to be the best player相当于:
It is thought that he is…
人们认为他是最好的演奏家/演员/运动员。
This vase is estimated to be 2,000 years old.
据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。
C 注意suppose的被动态时往往有责任或义务之意:
You are supposed to know the laws of your own country.
你应该懂得你们自己国家的法律。相当于:
It is your duty to know/You are expected to know…
你有义务懂/人们认为你该懂……
D 在这些动词后面也可以用不定式的进行式:
He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
人们以为他正躲在森林里。(人们认为他正躲着。)
He is supposed to be washing the car.
他应该在洗车。(他该正在洗它。)
E 如果想到的是早先发生过的动作,则用不定式的完成式:
They are believed to have landed in America.
人们相信他们在美洲上了岸。(据信他们已登上了。)
supppose+不定式的完成式不一定有责任或义务之意。
They are supposed to have discovered America.相当于:
It is thought that they did.
人们认为是他们发现了美洲。
但 You are supposed to have read the instructions(你应已看过操作说明)通常意味着你本应看过。
(关于动词的被动式之后的不定式结构,另参见第306节。)
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'Amber demo'
246 不带to的不定式
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A can,do,may,must,shall,will之后接不带to的不定式:
They could do it today.
他们可以今天做这件事。
I may as well start at once.
我还不如马上就动身。
He will probably object.
他可能会反对。
B need和dare之后也接不带to的不定式,但它们不作为情态动词而是同助动词do/did或will/would连用时除外:
You needn’t say anything.
你不必说什么。
但是说:
You don’t/won’t need to say anything.
你不需要/将不需要说什么。
I dared not wake him.
我不敢叫醒他。
但是说:
I didn’ t/wouldn’ t dare(to) wake him.
我没敢/不敢叫醒他。
理论上,在最后一个例句中要求用to,但实际上常被省略。按语法规则来说,如果dare和used用为助动词,它们就像大多数助动词一样后面接不带to的不定式;如果它们用为普通动词并与do/ did等连用,就像普通动词一样后面接带to的不定式。
C feel, hear, see和 watch:
I heard him lock the door.
我听见他锁了门。
I saw/watched him drive off.
我看见他开车走了。
但see和hear在被动语态的句子中要与带to的不定式连用:
He was seen to enter the office.
有人看见他进了办公室。
He was heard to say that…
有人听见他说过……
但feel,hear,see和watch经常是与现在分词连用:
I heard them shouting.
我听到他们在大声喊叫。(参见第273节。)
D let在主动语态和被动语态的句子中都与不带to的不定式连用。但let在被动语态的句子中常常被另一个词所代替: Theylet me know… 在被动词态的句子中被 I was told… 所代替,而 They let him see the documents则被 He was allowed to see them所代替。
let之后的不定式/不定式短语有时为了避免重复而被省略:
She wants to go out to work but he won’t let her(go out to work).
她想要出去工作,可他不让她去。
在下面的习语中,let没有宾语:
Live and let live.
宽己容人。
(关于 let us/let’s 用于表示命令和建议,参见第281节与第289节。)
E make
make 在主动语态的句子中与不带to的不定式连用:
He made me move my car.
他迫使我挪动我的汽车。
但在被动语态的句子中make与带to的不定式连用:
I was made to move my car.
我被迫挪动了我的汽车。
为了避免重复,有时make(主动语态)之后的不定式可省去:
—Why did you tell him?
—He made me(tell him)!
—你为什么要告诉他?
—是他迫使我(告诉他)的!
make(被动语态)之后的不定式可由to来代表:
I was made to(tell him).
我是被迫(告诉他)的。
F would rather/sooner, rather/sooner than(参见第297与第298书):
—Shall we go today?
—I’d rather wait till tomorrow.
—我们今天去好吗?
—我宁可等到明天再去。
Rather/Sooner than risk a bad crossing, he postponed his journey.
他不愿冒大风险,推迟了横渡海峡的旅行。
G had better(参见第120节):
‘You had better start at once,’he said.
他说:“你最好马上就动身。”
H help后面接带to或不带to的不定式都可以:
He helped us(to) push it.
他帮我们推它。
I 如果两个不定式由and连接在一起,通常可将第二个不定式的to省略:
I intend to sit in the garden and write letters.
我打算坐在花园里并写些信。
I want you to stand beside me and hold the torch.
我要你站在我身边拿着手电筒。
J but 和 except跟在 do+ anything/nothing/everything后面时,可以与不带to的不定式连用:
He does nothing but plain.
他只是一个劲地抱怨。
My dog does everything but speak.
我的狗除了不会说话以外什么都会。
Can’t you do anything but ask silly questions?
你别一个劲地提愚蠢的问题好吗?(你除了提愚蠢的问题,难道不会干点别的?)
There’s nothing to do but wait.
除了等候没有别的办法。
K 在下列句子中to可有可无:
The only thing to do/we can do is(to) write to him.
唯一可做的事/我们唯一能做的事是给他写信。
All we can do is(to) write to him.
(译文同上。)
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'Amber demo'
247 用to代表的不定式
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为了避免重复,不定式可只用一个to来代表。这种用法主要用于下列动词之后: hate, hope, intend, would like/love,make(被动语态),mean, plan, try, want;也用于助动词如have, need, ought之后时以及与 used to, be able to和 be go-ing to结构连用时:
—Would you like to e with me?
—Yes, I’d love to.
—你愿意和我一起走吗?
—是的,我愿意。
—Did you get a ticket?
—No, I tried to, but there weren’t any left.—你有票了吗?
—没有,我尽力找了,可一张也没有了。
—Why did you take a taxi?
—I had to(take one).I was late.
—你为什么坐出租汽车?
—我不得不坐。(因为)我晚了。
—Do you ride?
—Not now but I used to.
—你骑马吗?
—我现在不骑了,但以前骑。
He wanted to go but he wasn’t able to.
他想去,但去不了。
—Have you fed the dog?
—No, but I’m just going to.
—你喂过狗了吗?
—没有,我这就要去呢。
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'Amber demo'
248 分裂不定式
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在to和动词原形之间插入另一个词,称为分裂不定式。这种用法过去常被认为是文字不通顺,但现在人们对它的看法比较宽容了。
在日常口语中really常常接在to之后而位于动词原形之前。
It would take ages to really master this subject.
这门学科需要许多年才能真正掌握。
这个地方如用 really to master,反而显得过分正式。
其他一些程度副词如pletely,entirely,(un)duly也可同样使用。可以说:
(a) to pletely cover the floor完全铺满地板
而不说:
(b) to cover the floor pletely
(a) to unduly alarm people过分使人们惊惶
而不说:
(b) to alarm people unduly
但按照惯例,如上面(b)所示则较为安全。
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'Amber demo'
249 可起连词作用的不定式
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A 不定式用在only后面时,常表示一种令人失望的后果:
He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty.
他急忙赶到那所房子,却发现空无一人。相当于:
He hurried to the house and was disappointed when he found that it was empty.
他急忙赶到那所房子,但发现房子空无一人时感到大为失望。
he survived the crash only to die in the desert.相当于:
He survived the crash but died in the desert.
飞机坠毁时他幸免于难,后来却死在沙漠里。
B 不定式前不加 only也可以起连接作用,并且不带有不幸的含义:
He returned home to learn that his daughter had just bee engaged.
他回到家里,得知女儿才订了婚。
但这类用法主要限于如 find, hear, learn,see, be told这类动词,否则用于起连接作用的不定式就可能被错认为是表示目的的不定式。
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'Amber demo'
250 可替代关系从句的不定式
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A 不定式可用于 the first, the second等如此类推及 the last, theonly之后,有时也可用于最高级之后(参见第77节):
He loves parties; he is always the first to e and the last to leave.
他喜欢参加社交聚会,总是头一个来,最后一个走。
She was the only one to survive the crash.
她是这次事故中唯一的幸存者。
这样使用的不定式代替了主格代词+动词结构。下面B中将它与不定式代替宾格代词+动词结构进行了比较。
注意这里不定式的含义是主动的。如果需要被动的含义则用不定式的被动式:
He is the second man to be killed in this way.
他是第二个这样死于非命的人。
the best play to be performed that year那年演出的最精彩的戏
试与下面短语比较:
the best play to perform 一出最适合/最应当由你演出的戏
B1 不定式可以放在名词和代词后面以表示可以怎么使用或处置它们,有时也可表示主语的愿望(参见第77节):
I have letters to write.
我有信要写。
Does he get enough to eat?
他吃得饱吗?
Have you anything to say?
你有话要说吗?
At the customs: I have nothing to declare.
在海关检查站:我没有要报关的。
a house to let待出租的房子
不定式+介词结构也可以这样使用:
someone to talk to可与交谈的人
a case to keep my records in放我的磁带的盒子
cushions to sit on 坐垫
a glass to drink out of 喝水杯
a tool to open it with用来打开这东西的工具
a table to write on写字台
2 不定式被动式的类似用法
There is plenty to do.
(a)有不少事情可做。即可供自娱的事。
(b)有不少工作必须做。
there+ be+名词/代词+不定式结构如有“义务”的含义,如上面(b)所示,则可用不定式的被动形式:
There is a lot to be done.
有大量的事要做。
但不定式的主动形式用得更多。
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'Amber demo'
251 某些特定的名词之后的不定式
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常用的可以直接跟不定式的名词有:
ability牋牋牋牋牋 demand牋牋牋牋牋牋 failure牋牋牋牋牋牋 request
ambition牋牋牋 desire牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?offer牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 scheme
anxiety牋牋牋牋 determination牋牋 plan牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?willingness
attempt牋牋牋牋 eagerness牋牋牋牋?promise牋牋牋牋牋 wish
decision牋牋牋?effort牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?refusal
例句如:
His ability to get on with people is his chief asset.
他与人融洽相处的能力是他的主要资本。
He made an attempt/effort to stand up.
他努力要站起来。
Failure to obey the regulations may result in disqualification.
若不遵守规章,就会被取消资格。
Their offer/plan/promise to rebuild the town was not taken seriously.
他们重新修建城镇的提议/计划/保证没有得到重视。
She was annoyed by his unwillingness to do his share of the work.
他不愿干他那一份工作,这使她很不高兴。
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'Amber demo'
252 too,enough以及so…as 之后的不定式
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A too+形容词/副词+不定式
1 too+形容词+不定式
(a)不定式可以是指句子的主语而言,此时它具有主动含义:
You are too young to understand.
你太年轻了没法懂得(这件事)。
He was too drunk to drive home.
他醉得太厉害了,没法开车回家。
(b)不定式也可以指动词的宾语而言,此时它具有被动的含义:
The plate was so hot that we couldn’t touch it.
盘子太烫,碰不得。
可以表示为:
The plate was too hot to touch.
盘子烫得没法碰。
注意:第一句中touch的宾语it在第二句的不定式结构里消失了,因为不定式虽然形式上是主动的,在含义上却是被动的。
有时,不定式的主动式或被动式都可用:
This parcel is too heavy to send/to be sent by post.
这个包裹太重了,不能邮寄。
但并不是在任何情况下以上两种形式都可用,学生因此最好一律使用不定式的主动式。
该结构中不定式之前可以加上for+名词/代词:
The case was too heavy(for a child) to carry.相当于:
The case was too heavy to be carried by a child.
箱子太重了,孩子搬不动。
(c)与此类似的情况是,不定式可以指介词的宾语而言:
The grass was so wet that we couldn’t sit on it.
草地湿得没法坐。
The grass was too wet(for us) to sit on.
草地太湿了,(我们)不能坐。
The light is so weak that we can’t read by it.
光线太暗了,我们无法看书。
The light is too weak to read by.
光线太暗,不能看书。
2 too+形容词+a+名词+不定式
He was too shrewd a businessman to accept the first offer.相当于:
As a businessman he was
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