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牛津实用英语语法-第31部分
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2 too+形容词+a+名词+不定式
He was too shrewd a businessman to accept the first offer.相当于:
As a businessman he was too shrewd to accept the first offer.
他是一个极为精明的生意人,不会接受第一次报价。
He is too experienced a conductor to mind what the critics say.相当于:
As a conductor he is too experienced to mind what the critics say.
他是一位经验非常丰富的指挥家,根本不会在乎评论家的意见。
如以上A1中那样,这里的不定式总是指主语而言。这里也可以用不定式的被动式:
He was too experienced a conductor to be worried by what the critics said.
他是一位经验极为丰富的指挥家,不至于为批评家们的意见犯愁。
3 too+副词+不定式
It is too soon(for me) to say whether the scheme will succeed or not.
现在要我来说计划能否成功还为时过早。
He spoke too quickly for me to understand.
他说得太快了,我听不懂。(这里for me是必要的。)
She works too slowly to be much use to me.
她干活太慢,对我不会有多大帮助。
B 形容词/副词+enough+不定式
1 形容词+enough+不定式
(a)如在too结构中一样,不定式可以指动词的主语而言:
She is old enough to travel by herself.
她已经到了可以自己出门旅行的年龄了。
He was tall enough to see over the heads of the other people.
他身材高得可以从别人头顶上看过去。
(b)这种结构还可以指动词的宾语而言:
The case is light enough for me to carry.相当于:
The case is so light that I can carry it.
这箱子很轻,我搬得动。
After a few minutes the coffee was cool enough(for us) to drink.
几分钟后,咖啡凉了一些,(我们)可以喝了。
(c)这种结构也可以指介词的宾语而言:
The ice was thick enough to walk on.
冰厚得上面可以走人。
The light was strong enough to read by.
光线亮得足可以看书。
2 enough既可作代词用,也可作形容词用:
He doesn’t earn enough(money) to live on.
他挣的钱不够过日子的。
We haven’t enough time to do it properly.
我们没有足够的时间把这件事做好。
She had enough sense to turn off the gas.
她还有点脑筋,知道关掉煤气。
have+enough+抽象名词结构常常可以用have+the+名词结构替代:
She had the sense to turn off the gas.
她还有点脑筋,知道关掉煤气。
He had the courage to admit his mistake.
他有勇气承认自己的错误。
I hadn’t the patience to listen to any more.
我没有耐心再听下去了。
但这里time之前的the可省略:
We haven’t(the)time to do it properly.
我们没有足够的时间把这件事做好。
3 副词+enough+不定式:
He didn’t jump high enough to win a prize.
他跳得不够高,没能得奖。
He spoke slowly enough for everyone to understand.
他说得很慢,每个人都听得懂。
C so+形容词+as+不定式:
He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.
他真傻,车都没有锁。
这种说法可用来代替上面B1中的enough结构,但必须注意He was foolish enough to leave his car unlocked的含义既可以是他实际这样做了,也可以是他可能这样做,即他傻到竟会不知道锁车的地步;而 He was so foolish as to leave则意指他实际上这样做了。
像上边讲的so…as结构的那种用法不常见,但它用为一种请求形式则是很常见的:
Would you be so good as to forward my letters?相当于:
Would you be good enough to forward my letters?
劳驾把我的信件转给我,好吗?
这两种形式之间并无含义上的差别,但千万不要遗漏as。(关于其他形容词+不定式结构参见第26节与第27节。)
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'Amber demo'
253 位于句首或句末的不定式短语
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某些特定的不定式短语既可位于句首,有时也可位于句末。不定式的这种作用与修饰全句的状语相似(参见第40节):
To be perfectly frank,you’re a bad driver.
非常坦率地说,你车开得不好。
To be honest, I just don’t like him.
说老实话,我就是不喜欢他。
To be fair(to him), he wasn’t entirely to blame.
说句公平话,这事不能都怪他一个人。
To cut a long story short, we said,‘No!’
长话短说吧,我们没有同意。
To tell you the truth,I’ve never met him./I’ve never met him, to tell
you the truth.
给你说真的,我从没见过他。
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'Amber demo'
254 不定式的进行式
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A 形式
to be+现在分词:
He seems to be following us.
他好像在跟着我们。
B 用法
不定式的进行式可用于:
1 助动词之后:
They’ll be wondering where you are.
他们会纳闷你在哪里。
—He may/might be watching TV.
—He can’t/couldn’t be watching TV.
—他可能在看电视。
—他不会在看电视。
There are no programmes today because of the strike.
由于罢工,今天没有节目。(否定的推论)
He must be ing by bus.
他一定是乘公共汽车来。(推论)
You shouldn’t be reading a novel.You should be reading a textbook.
现在你不该看小说,你应该看课本。
2 appear,happen,pretend,seem之后:
He appears/seems to be living in the area.相当于:
It appears/seems that he is living in the area.
(看来)他似乎就住在这一带。
He appeared/seemed to be living in the area.相当于:
It appeared/seemed that he was living in the area.
当时(看来)他似乎就住在那一带。
I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed.相当于:
It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed.
他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他旁边。
He pretended to be looking for a book.相当于:
He pretended that he was looking for a book.
他假装在找书。
3 hope和promise之后,或agree,arrange,decide,determine/be determined,plan,undertake之后,但用于hope和promise后更常见:
I hope/hoped to be earning my living in a year’s time.相当于:
I hope I will/I hoped I would be earning…
我希望在一年内能自食其力。
determine/be determined,plan等词可代替上面句子中的hope,然而意思稍有不同:
I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out.
我答应在门口一直等到他出来。
agree, arrange, decide, determine/be determined, plan, under-take等词可代替上面句子中的promise,意思各不相同。
4 在被动时态的 believe, consider, suppose, think等之后:He is believed to be living in Mexico.
据信他现在住在墨西哥。(参见第306节。)
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'Amber demo'
255 不定式的完成式
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A 形式
to have+过去分词:
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排(参见第114节):
The house was to have been ready today.
这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)
2与 should, would, might和 could一起构成条件完成时(参见第223节):
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节):
He should have helped her.
他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)
I shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have lied to him.
我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)
4与 should/would like连用表示未实现的愿望(参见第 296节D):
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但没能看到)
这句也可写成:
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用,表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性:
I could have made a lot of money.
我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)
(另参见第134节与第138节。)
6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:
He might/could have told me!
他本应告诉我!
I am annoyed that he didn’t tell me.
他没告诉我,我很不高兴。(参见第285节D。)
7 与may/might连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:
He may/might have left.相当于:
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。)
You might/could have been killed!
(那时)你可能会送了命的!
8 与can’t/couldn’t连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节):
He can’t/couldn’t have moved the piano himself.
这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldn’t have paid for it,because he had no money.
我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱,因为他没钱。
9 与must连用表示肯定的推论(参见第156节):
He must have e this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与needn’t连用表示过去不必要的行为(另参见第152节与第153节):
You needn’t have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。
You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seems that he is…
我们的印象是他是……
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seemed that he was…
那时我们的印象是他是一名……
不定式的完成式:
He seems to have been…
他看来曾经是…相当于:
It seems that he was…
我们的印象是他曾经是……
He seemed to have been…
那时看来他曾经是……相当于:
It seemed that he had been…
那时我们的印象是他曾经是……
这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book.相当于:
He pretended that he had read it.
他假装曾经读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。)
3 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那么常见:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。
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'Amber demo'
256 不定式的完成进行式
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A 形式
to have been+现在分词:
He seems to have been spying for both sides.
他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报。
B 用法
主要用于助动词之后和appear,seem之后,但也可以用在happen, pretend以及believe, know, report, say, understand的被动式之后:
—He says he was talking to Tom.
—He couldn’t have been talking to Tom.Tom wasn’t there.
—他说他当时在跟汤姆说话。
—他当时不可能在和汤姆说话。汤姆当时不在那里。
—I was following Peter closely.
—You shouldn’t have been following him closely;you should have left a good space between the two cars.
—当时我正紧紧地跟着彼得。
—你不应该紧跟着他;而应该使两车之间保持相当的距离。
He appears to have been waiting a long time.相当于:
It appears that he has been waiting a long time.
看来他已经等了很久了。
He pretended to have been studying.相当于:
He pretended that he had been studying.
他假装一直在学习的样子。
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'Amber demo'
第二十四章?动名词?
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'Amber demo'
257 形式和用法
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动名词的形式与现在分词完全相同:
running牋牋牋?speaking牋牋牋?working等
其用法如下:
(a)用做句子的主语(参见第258节):
Dancing bored him.
他厌烦跳舞。
(b)用做表语:
Her hobby is painting.
她的业余爱好是画画。
(c)用在介词之后(参见第259节):
He was accused of smuggling.
他被指控走私。
(d)用在某些动词之后。(参见第261节与第266节。)
(e)用于构成复合的名词:
a ′diving board 跳板
这里的动名词要重读。(参见第16节。)
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'Amber demo'
258 用做主语
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如在第240节E中所示,从泛指的、一般的角度来考虑一个动作时,不定式和动名词都可用做主语。可以说:
It is easier to read French than to speak it./Reading French is easier than speaking it.
法语读比说容易。
动名词和不定式一样(参见第240节F)可以作动词believe,consider, discover, expect, find, think, wonder等之后的从句的主语。
在find之后可以把that和动词be一起省略,因此可以说:
He found that parking was difficult./He found parking difficult.
他感到很难停放汽车。
但在其他动词之后,以不省略be为妥。
注意,这里动名词与不定式之间可能有意思上的区别:
He found parking difficult 意指他通常或总是感到找地方停车较困难。
He found it difficult to park常意指在某具体场合他发现找地方停车较困难。它也可能意指他总是感到困难,但后一概念常用动名词来表达。
动名词常用于简短的禁令中:
No smoking.
禁止吸烟。
No waiting.
禁止停留。
No fishing.
禁止垂钓。
这类句子不能有宾语,因此禁令性的语言中如有宾语则常用祈使句表示:
Do not touch these wires.
请勿接触电线!
Do not feed the lions.
请勿向狮子投喂食物!
在格言 Seeing is believing(眼见为实;百闻不如一见)中使用的就是动名词。
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'Amber demo'
259 介词之后的动名词
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(另参见第98节。)
A 如把动词直接放在介词后面,就必须用动名词形式:
What can yon do besides typing?
除了打字你还会做什么?
I have no objection to hearing your story again.
再听一遍你的故事,我没有异议。
Touch your toes without bending your knees!
试着不屈膝去够你的脚趾!
He is good at diving.
他擅长跳水。
She is fond of climbing.
她喜欢爬山。
I’m not keen on gambling.I’m too afraid of losing.
我对赌博不感兴趣。我太怕输了。
He was fined for being drunk in charge of a car.
他因酒醉驾车被罚款。
I’m against saying anything./I’m for saying nothing.
我反对说话。/我赞成什么都不说。
I’m tired of arguing.I’m fed up waiting.
我厌烦争辩了。我等得腻味极了。(口语)
This is a tool for opening tins.
这是一个开罐头的工具。
Do you feel like going out?
你想出去玩吗?
After swimming I felt cold.
游完泳我感到冷。
She disapproves of jogging.
她不赞成慢跑锻炼。
What about leaving it here and collecting it later?
先把它放在这里等一会儿再来取怎么样?
He is thinking of emigrating.
他正在考虑移居国外。
I’m sorry for keeping you waiting.
很抱歉,让你久等了。
They escaped by sliding down a rope.
他们是从一根绳子上滑下来逃走的。
We had difficulty in finding a parking place.
我们费了很大劲才找到一个停车位。
You should be ashamed of yourself for behaving so badly.
你应该为你的行为无礼感到羞耻。
In spite of starting late, he arrived in time.
虽然他动身很晚,却及时到了。
Aren’t you interested in making money?
难道你对赚钱不感兴趣?
There’s no point in waiting.
等待是毫无意义的。
B 某些动词+介词/副词(即短语动词)后面要求接动名词。最常用的这类组合有 be for/against, care for, give up,keep on,leave off, look forward to, put off, see about, take to。( go on的用法参见第363节。)
I don’t care for standing in queues.
我不喜欢排队。
Eventually the dogs left off barking.
狗终于不叫了。
I am looking forward to meeting her.
我渴望见到她。
He put off making a decision till he had more information.
他推迟到获得详情之后再决定。
He took to ringing us up in the middle of the night.
他开始习惯在半夜给我们打电话。
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'Amber demo'
260 to
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这个词由于既可当做不定式的一部分(参见A),又可用做介词(参见B),因此时常引起混淆。
A 置于助动词 be, have, ought, used后面和 going后面(如在 be going to这类短语中)的 to是后面的动词不定式的组成部分,放上to只是为了提醒学生前面的动词要求跟完整的不定式,即带to的不定式。
to也经常置于 hate, hope, intend, would like/love, mean,plan,try,want等动词及其他一些动词后面(参见第247节),以避免重复已经提到的动词不定式:
—Did you buy cheese?
—No, I meant to(buy some) but the shop was shut.
—你买奶酪了吗?
—没有,我本来想买,但是商店已经关门了。
B 除此以外,放在动词后面的to很有可能是介词,后面应当跟名词/代词或动名词。尤其要注意下列短语动词:look for…ward to, take to, be accustomed to, be used to:
I am looking forward to my holidays/to next weekend/to it.
我盼望着假期/下个周末/它到来。
I am looking forward to seeing you.
我期待着见到你。
I am used to heat/hard work/bad food/noise/dust.
我已习惯于炎热/艰苦的工作/粗劣的食物/嘈杂的声音/尘土。
I am used to standing in queues/to it.
我已习惯排队/它了。
必须注意不要弄混 I used to/he used to等和 I am used to/he is used to等的不同含义。前者表示过去的习惯或惯例(如 They used to burn coal;now they burn fuel oil only 〈他们过去一直烧煤,而现在只烧油式的燃料了〉)。而后者则指现在的习惯,相当于 I am/he is accustomed to(习惯于)/familiar with(熟悉……):
I am used to the cold.
我已习惯了寒冷。(我不怕寒冷了。)
He is us
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