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牛津实用英语语法-第38部分

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He said he couldn′t stand on his head.
他说他不能做三点倒立。
2 could表示将来的能力时,在间接引语中可以保持不变,或由would be able结构来转述:
He said,‘I could do it tomorrow.’
他说:“我明天能做这事。”相当于:
He said he could do it/would be able to do it the next day.
他说他第二天能做这事。
3 条件句类型2中,主句中的could与A2中的变化相同:
‘If I had the tools I could mend it,’he said.
他说:“如果我有工具的话,我就能修补它。”相当于:
He said that if he had the tools he could/would be able to mend it.
他说如果他有工具的话,他就能修补它。
would be able在这里暗指所假设的情况有可能实现(可能他可以借到工具。)
4 条件句类型3中,could被转述时保持不变。
5 could表示过去的能力时,在间接引语里保持不变,或用had been able结构转述:
‘I could read when I was three!’she boasted.
她吹嘘说:“我三岁时就能看书了!”相当于:
She boasted that she could/had been able to read when she was three.
她吹嘘说她三岁时就能看书了。
B could表示允许
1 条件句类型2中的could在间接引语中可保持不变,或由would be allowed to转述:
‘If I paid my fine I could walk out of prison today,’he said.
他说:“如果我交了罚款,我今天就能走出牢门了。”相当于:
He said that if he paid his fine he could/would be allowed to walk…
他说如果他交了罚款他会被允许走……
2 表示过去时态的could在间接引语中可保持不变,或用 was/were allowed to或had been allowed to结构来转述:
He said,‘When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked.’
他说:“我小时候,我可以想呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚。”相当于:
He said that when he was a boy he could/was allowed to stay up./He said that as a boy he was/had been allowed etc.
他说他小时候,可以/被允许爱呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚。




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313 其中的代词与形容词

A 代词和所有格形容词一般由第一人称或第二人称转化为第三人称,除非说话者转述的就是自己的话:
He said,‘I′ve forgotten the bination of my safe.’
他说:“我忘了我保险柜的密码了。”相当于:
He said that he had forgotten the bination of his safe.
他说他忘记了他保险柜的密码了。
I said,‘I like my new house.’
我说:“我喜欢我的新房子。”相当于:
I said that I liked my new house.
我说我喜欢我的新房子。(说话者转述的是自己的话)
有时为避免意义上的混淆不清,必须将代词改变成名词:Tom said,‘He came in through the window’(汤姆说:“他是从窗户进来的”)这句话一般不能像下面那样转述:Tom said he hade in through the window(汤姆说他是从窗户进来的)。 这种转述方法意思可能指汤姆自己是通过窗户进来的。如果在这里将代词改变为相应的一个名词,就不会混淆了:Tom said that the man/burglar/cat etc.had e in…(汤姆说那个男人/入室窃贼/猫等是从……进来的)。
代词的变化会引起动词的变化:
He says,‘I know her.’
他说:“我认识她。”相当于:
He says he knows her.
他说他认识她。
He says,‘I shall be there.’
他说:“我将在那里。”相当于:
He says that he will be there.
他说他将在那里。
B this和these
this如用于表示时间,通常转述为that:
He said,‘She is ing this week.’
他说:“她这个星期来。”相当于:
He said that she was ing that week.
他说她那个星期来。
但是,this和that不表示时间而当形容词用时,转述时用the:
He said,‘I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother.’
他说:“这颗/这些珍珠是给我母亲买的。”相当于:
He said that he had bought the pearl/pearls for his mother.
他说这颗/这些珍珠是给他母亲买的。
this,these作代词用时可转述为it,they/them:
He showed me two bullets.‘I found these embedded in the panelling,’he said.
他把两颗子弹头拿给我看。“我发现这两颗子弹头嵌在护壁板里,”他说。相当于:
He said he had found them embedded in the panelling.
他说他发现这两颗子弹嵌在护壁板里。
He said,‘We will discuss this tomorrow.’
他说:“我们明天讨论这件事。”相当于:
He said that they would discuss it/the matter the next day.
他说他们要在第二天讨论它/那件事。
this,these(形容词或代词)可以用于表明选择,或用于把一些东西与另一些东西区别开来。这时用the one(s)near him等来转述,或可以把话换一个方法说清楚:
‘I′ll have this(one),’he said to me.
他对我说:“我要这个。”相当于:
He said he would have the one near him./He pointed to/touched/showed me the one he wanted.
他说他要靠近他的那一个。/他把他想要的那个指/摸/拿给我看。




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314 其中的时间及地点表达法

A 表示时间的副词及副词短语的变化:
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  ABC Amber CHM Converter v6。22
  Trial version
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例句如:
‘I saw her the day before yesterday,’he said.
他说:“我是前天看到她的。”相当于:
He said he′d seen her two days before.
他说他是两天前看到她的。
‘I′ll do it tomorrow,’he promised.
他答应道:“这件事我明天就做。”相当于:
He promised that he would do it the next day.
他答应第二天就做这件事。
‘I′m starting the day after tomorrow,mother,’he said.
他说:“妈妈,我后天动身。”相当于:
He told his mother that he was starting in two days′time.
他告诉他妈妈他两天后动身。
She said,‘My father died a year ago.’
她说:“我爸爸一年前去世了。”相当于:
She said that her father had died a year before/the previous year.
她说他父亲在前一年去世了。
B 但如果说话和转述发生在同一天,则不必作时间上的改变:
At breakfast this morning he said,‘I′ll be very busy today.’
今天早餐时他说:“今天我会很忙。”相当于:
At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today.
今天早餐时,他说他今天会很忙。
C 如果在说话的一两天之后才转述,当然要作合乎逻辑的修正。如星期一杰克对汤姆说:
I′m leaving the day after tomorrow.
我打算后天动身。
如果汤姆在第二天(星期二)转述这句话,他会说:
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
杰克说他打算明天动身。
如果汤姆在星期三转述这句话,他可能会说:
Jack said he was leaving today.
杰克说他打算今天动身。
D here 可能转述为there,但所指的是什么地方必须要很清楚才可这样用:
At the station he said,‘I′ll be here again tomorrow.’
在火车站他说:“我明天还会来这儿。”相当于:
He said that he′d be there again the next day.
他说他第二天会再到那儿去。
通常here需用某种适当的短语来代替:
She said,‘You can sit here,Tom.’
她说:“汤姆,你可以坐在这里。”相当于:
She told Tom that he could sit beside her etc.
她告诉汤姆他可以坐在她的旁边等等。
但是He said,‘e here,boys’(他说:“到这儿来,孩子们”)一般转述为:
He called the boys.
他叫孩子们来。




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315 其中的不定式和动名词结构

A agree/refuse/offer/promise/threaten+不定式有时可用来代替say(that)…:
Ann:Would you wait half an hour?
安:你能等半个小时吗?
Tom:All right.
汤姆:好的。相当于:
Tom agreed to wait./Tom said he would wait.
汤姆同意等。/汤姆说他会等候的。
Ann:Would you lend me another£50?
安:你能再借给我50镑吗?
Tom:No,I won′t lend you any more money.
汤姆:不,我不再借钱给你了。相当于:
Tom refused to lend her any more money.
汤姆拒绝再借钱给她。
Tom said that he wouldn′t lend…
汤姆说他再也不借……
Paul:I′ll help you if you like,Ann.
保罗:安,如果你愿意,我可以帮你。相当于:
Paul offered to help her.
保罗表示乐意帮助她。
Paul said that he′d help her.
保罗说他愿意帮助她。(另参见第318节shall I?部分。)
Ann:I′ll pay you back next week.Really I will.
安:下星期我就还钱给你,我一定还。
Ann promised to pay him back the following week./Ann said that she would pay him back.
安答应在下一周把钱还给他。/安说她会把钱还给他的。
Ann assured him that she would pay him back.
安向他保证她会还给他钱的。
Kidnappers:If you don′t pay the ransom at once we′ll kill your daugh- ter.
绑架者:如果你不马上交赎金,我们将杀死你女儿。相当于:
The kidnappers threatened to kill his daughter if he didn′t pay the ran- som at once.
绑架者恐吓道,如果他不马上交赎金就把他女儿杀死。
The kidnappers said that they would kill…
绑架者说他们要杀死……
(关于宾语+不定式结构,参见第320节。)
B accuse…of/admit/apologize for/deny/insist on+动名词这一类结构有时可代替say(that…):
‘You took the money!’
“你拿了这钱!”
可转述为:
He accused me of taking the money.
他指责我拿了钱。
‘I stole/didn′t steal it.’
“我偷了/没偷。”
可转述为:
I admitted/denied stealing it.
我承认/否认偷了。
‘I′m sorry I′m late,’he said.
他说:“抱歉,我来晚了。”
可转述为:
He apologized for being late.
他为迟到表示抱歉。
He said/he was sorry he was late.
他说他很抱歉自己迟到了。
Bill:Let me pay for myself.
比尔:让我自己来付我的那份钱。
Tom:Certainly not!I′ll pay!
汤姆:这不行!我来付!
可转述为:
Tom insisted on paying.
汤姆坚持要付钱。




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316 say,tell及其他可替代使用的引导动词

A say和tell与直接引语连用
1 say可放在陈述句之前,也可以位于陈述句之后:
Tom said,‘I′ve just heard the news.’/‘I′ve just heard the news,’Tom said.
汤姆说:“我刚刚听说这个消息。”
say位于陈述之后时,say和充当主语的名词可用倒装语序:
‘I′ve just heard the news,’said Tom.
say+to+说话的对方这种结构是可以用的,但它必须跟在直接引语的后面,而不能放在直接引语的前面:
‘I′m leaving at once,’Tom said to me.
汤姆对我说:“我马上就动身。”
这里不能用倒装语序。
2 tell要求说出说话的对方:
Tell me.
告诉我。
He told us.
是他告诉我们的。
I′ll tell Tom.
我会告诉汤姆的。
不过,在tell lies/stories/the truth这些结构中不一定要提到说话的对方:
He told(me) lies.
他(跟我)撒谎。
I′ll tell(you)a story.
我会给(你)讲故事的。
tell和直接引语连用时,必须位于陈述之后:
‘I′m leaving at once,’Tom told me.
汤姆告诉我说:“我马上就要动身。”
tell和主语不能用倒装语序。
B say和tell与间接引语连用
间接陈述常位于say或tell+宾语结构之后。say+to+宾语结构在这里是可以用的,但不如tell+宾语这一结构普遍:
He said he′d just heard the news.
他说他刚刚听到这个消息。
He told me that he′d just heard the news.
他告诉我他刚刚听到这个消息。
请注意tell…how/about这一结构:
He told us how he had crossed the mountains.
他告诉我们他是怎样翻越那些大山的。
He told us about crossing the mountains.
他告诉我们关于翻越那些大山的事。
He told us about his journeys.
他告诉我们他的旅途经历。
(关于say和tell用于表示间接命令,参见第320节与第321节。)
C 其他常用的引导陈述话语的动词有:
add*牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?plain*牋牋牋?point out
admit*牋牋牋牋牋牋?deny*牋牋牋牋牋牋?promise*
answer*牋牋牋牋牋 explain *牋牋牋牋?protest*?
argue*牋牋牋牋牋牋?grumble*牋牋牋牋 remark*
assure+宾语牋牋 object*牋牋牋牋牋?remind+宾语
boast*牋牋牋牋牋牋?observe*牋牋牋牋 reply*
这些动词都可以与直接引语以及间接引语连用。
与直接引语连用时,它们位于直接陈述之后:
‘It won′t cost more,’Tom assured us.
汤姆向我们保证说:“不会多花钱。”
主语是名词时,上表中带有星号的动词都可以放在主语之前:
‘But it will take longer,’Bill objected/objected Bill.
“但需要更长的时间,”比尔提出反对意见说。
‘It′ll cost too much,’Jack grumbled/grumbled Jack.
“这会花去太多的钱,”杰克嘟嚷着。
它们都可以引导间接陈述。
动词之后必须加that:
Tom assured us that it wouldn′t cost more.But Bill objected/pointed out that it would take longer.
汤姆向我们保证不会花更多的钱。但比尔提出反对意见说,那样会需要更长的时间。
D murmur,mutter,shout,stammer,whisper既可位于直接引语的陈述句或疑问句之前,也可位于其后,并也如上面所示那样,作主语的名词可放在动词之后:
‘You′re late,’whispered Tom/Tom whispered.
汤姆低声耳语说:“你们迟到了。”
这些动词可引导间接引语,通常需要加上that:
Tom whispered that we were late.
汤姆低声耳语说我们迟到了。
当然,还有许多其他描写声音或音调的动词,如:bark,growl,roar,scream,shriek,snarl,sneer,yell等。但这些动词引导直接引语的情况要多于引导间接引语的情况。




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317 间接引语中的问句

直接问句:
He said,‘Where is she going?’
他说:“她要上哪儿去?”
间接问句:
He asked where she was going.
他问她要上哪儿去。
A 把直接问句变为间接问句时,需作下列改变:
时态、代词、所有格形容词、时间副词和地点副词的变化与陈述句中的变化相同。
动词的疑问式变成陈述式;在间接问句中不加问号(?):
He said,‘Where does she live?’
他说:“她住在什么地方?”相当于:
He asked where she lived.
他问她住在什么地方。
如直接问句针对主语提问,则此种变化显然是没有必要的(参见第55节):
‘Who lives next door?’he said.
他说:“谁住在隔壁?”相当于:
He asked who lived next door.
他问谁住在隔壁。
‘What happened?’she said.
她说:“发生了什么事?”相当于:
She asked what had happened.
她问发生了什么事。
B 如果引导动词是say,则必须换为表示询问的动词,如ask,in- quire,wonder,want to know等:
He said‘Where is the station?’
他说:“车站在哪里?”相当于:
He asked where the station was.
他问车站在什么地方。
ask,inquire,wonder也可用在直接引语中,但这时通常位于句尾:
‘Where is the station?’he inquired.
“车站在什么地方?”他问道。
C ask之后可以接说话的对方(间接宾语):
He asked,‘What have you got in your bag?’
他说:“你的包里装的是什么?”相当于:
He asked(me) what I had got in my bag.
他问(我)我的包里装的是什么。
但在inquire,wonder,want to know之后不能有间接宾语。因此,如想要转述提及说话对方的问句时就必须用ask:
He said,‘Mary,when is the next train?’
他说:“玛丽,下一班火车是几点的?”
He asked Mary when the next train was.
他问玛丽下一班火车是几点的。
如果我们用inquire,wonder或want to know,就必须省去间接宾语Mary。
D 如果直接问句是由(when,where,who,how,why等)疑问词开头的,则必须在间接引语中重复这些疑问词:
He said,‘Why didn′t you put on the brake?’
他说:“你怎么没刹车呢?”相当于:
He asked(her)why she hadn′t put on the brake.
他问(她)怎么没刹车。
She said,‘What do you want?’
她说:“你们想要什么?”相当于:
She asked(them)what they wanted.
她问他们想要什么。
E 如果没有疑问词,则必须用if或whether:
‘Is anyone there?’he asked.
他问道:“那儿有人吗?”相当于:
He asked if/whether anyone was there.
他问那儿是否有人。
1 通常这两个词都可以用,但if要比whether更普遍些:
‘Do you know Bill?’he said. 
他说:“你认识比尔吗?”相当于:
He asked if/whether I knew Bill.
他问我是否认识比尔。
‘Did you see the accident?’the policeman asked.
警察问:“你看到那起事故了吗?”相当于:
The policeman asked if/whether I had seen the accident.
警察问我是否看到那起事故了。
2 whether可用于强调对某事必须做出选择:
‘Do you want to go by air or sea?’the travel agent asked.
旅游商问:“你想乘飞机走,还是想乘船走?”相当于:
The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea.
旅游商问我是想乘飞机走,还是想乘船走。
请注意whether or not的用法:
‘Do you want to insure your luggage or not?’he asked.
他问:“你的行李要保险吗?”相当于:
He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage./He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not.
他问我是否要给行李保险。
3 whether+不定式结构可位于wonder,want to know之后:
‘Shall/Should I wait for them or go on?’he wondered.
他问自己:“我是等等他们呢还是继续往前走呢?”相当于:
He wondered whether to wait for them or go on./He wondered whether
he should wait for them or go on.
他问自己是要等等他们还是继续往前走。
inquire+whether+不定式结构是可以的,但不常见。
(关于whether+不定式,另参见第242节B。)
4 如果问句含有条件从句时,用whether就比较清楚,否则就会出现两个if:
‘If you get the job will you move to York?’Bill asked.
比尔问:“如果你得到那份工作,你会迁到约克去吗?”相当于:
Bill asked whether,if I got the job,I′d move to York.
比尔问如果我得到那份工作我是否会迁到约克去。




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318 以shall I/we?开头的问句变为间接引语

以shall I/we?开头的问句有四种类型:
A 对未来事件的推测或查询:
‘Shall I ever see them again?he wondered.
他问
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