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牛津实用英语语法-第9部分
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2 some可以有下列各种用法:
与肯定动词连用:
They bought some honey.
他们买了些蜂蜜。
用于可预料答语为“是”的问句中:
Did some of you sleep on the floor?
你们有人睡在了地板上吗?(我想会是这样。)
用于表示建议及要求的句子中:
Would you like some wine?
你想喝点葡萄酒吗?
Could you do some typing for me?
你能给我用打点字吗?
(另参见C。)
3 any用于以下情况:
用于否定句中:
I haven’t any matches.
我没有火柴。
与hardly,barely,scarcely连用(这些词的含义几乎是否定的):
I have hardly any spare time.
我简直没有空闲时间。
在without any…(=with no…)结构中,与without连用。
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/with no difficulty.
他毫无困难地越过了边界。
用于除上文所述之外的疑问句中:
Have you got any money?
你有钱吗?
Did he catch any fish?
他抓到鱼了吗?
用在if/whether之后以及表示怀疑的说法中:
If you need any more money,please let me know.
如果你还需要钱,就告诉我。
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.
我想油箱里没有汽油了。
(参见下面C。)
B no(形容词)和none(代词)
no和none可以与肯定动词连用,表示否定:
I have no apples.I had some last year but I have none this year.
我没有苹果。去年我有一些,但今年我一个也没有了。
no+名词可以作主语:
No work was done.
没有干什么活儿。
No letter(s) arrived.
一封信也没来。
none可以作主语,但不常见:
We expected letters,but none came.
我们在等信,可是一封也没来。
none+of作主语的情况较为常见:
None of the tourists wanted to climb the mountain.
没有一个游客想爬山。
C some和any与可数名词的单数形式连用
some可以用来表示“一个未指明的或未知的”人或物:
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage.
有一个蠢货把车子停在我的车库外面了。
·some+名词后面加上or other表示强调说话人不太感兴趣:
He doesn’t believe in conventional medicine;he has some remedy or otherof his own.
他不相信传统医术;他自己有治疗方法。
any可以表示“差不多每一个”、“不一定是哪个”。
Any book about riding will tell you how to saddle a horse.
任何有关骑术的书都会告诉你怎样装马鞍。
Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.
只要是本词典,就会给出这些词的词义。
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51 someone,somebody,something,anyone,
anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing
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A 用some,any和no构成的复合词都遵循上文所述规则:
Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.
有你的电话。
Someone/Somebody gave me a ticket for the pop concert.
有人给了我一张流行歌曲音乐会的门票。
No one/Nobody has ever given me a free ticket for anything.
从来没有人给过我免费的什么票。
Do you want anything from the chemist’s?
你需要在药店里买什么东西吗?
Would anyone/anybody like a drink?
谁想喝一杯吗?
注意:
I drink anything.
我喝什么都行。相当于:
I don’t mind what I drink.
我不挑喝什么。
Anyone will tell you where the house is.
谁都会告诉你那所房子在哪儿。(参见第50节C。)
B someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,no one,nobody可以有所有格形式:
Someone’s passport has been stolen.
有人的护照被偷了。
Is this somebody’s/anybody’s seat?
这座位有人坐吗?
I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.
我不想浪费任何人的时间。
C 代词和所有格形容词与someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,no one,nobody,everyone,everybody连用
所有这些词语都具有单数的含义,因此要用单数动词。因此,指代这些词的人称代词和所有格形容词按道理说也应是he/she,him/her,his/her,但在口语中复数形式更为普遍:
Has anyone left their luggage on the train?
有谁把行李丢在火车上了吗?
No one saw Tom go out,did they?
没有人看见汤姆出去,对吗?
但在指something,anything,nothing时仍然用it:
Something went wrong,didn’t it?
有什么地方出毛病了,是吗?
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52 else位于someone/anybody/nothing等之后
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A someone/somebody/something,anyone/anydy/anything,noone/nobody/nothing,everyone/everybody/everything以及副词somewhere,anywhere,nowhere,everywhere后面都可跟else:someone else/somebody else=some other person别的什么人
anyone else/anybody else=any other person任何别的人
no one else/nobody else=no other person没有他人
everyone else/everybody else=every other person其他所有的人something else=some other thing别的什么东西
例句如:
—I’m afraid I can’t help you.You’ll have to ask someone else.
—There isn’t anyone else./There’s no one else to ask.
—恐怕我帮不了你的忙,你得另找别人。
—没有别的什么人。/没有别人可找了。
else与副词连用:
somewhere else=in/at/to some other place在/到另外一个地方
anywhere else=in/at to any other place在/到别的什么地方
nowhere else=in/at/to no other place没在/没到别的地方
Are you going anywhere else?
你还要到别的地方去吗?
B someone/somebody,anyone/anybody,no one/nobody+else都可以有所有格形式:
I took someone else’s coat.
我拿了别人的上衣。
Was anyone else’s luggage opened?
还有别的什么人的行李给打开了吗?
No one else’s luggage was opened.
没有别的人的行李被打开了。
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53 another,other,others与one和some连用
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A another,other,others
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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6。22
Trial version
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—Have you met Bill’s sisters?
—I’ve met one.I didn’t know he had another(sister).
—Oh,he has two others/two other sisters.
—你见过比尔的姐妹了吗?
—我只见过一个。我不知道他还有一个(姐妹)。
—哦,他还有两个呢。
B one… another/other(s),some…other(s)
One student suggested a play,another(student)/other student/otherswanted a concert.
一个学生建议演话剧,另一个学生/其他学生/其他人希望开音乐会。
Some tourists/Some of the tourists went on the beach;others exploredthe town.
有些游客/游客中的一些人到海滩去了;其他人则到市里逛去了。
C one another,each other
Tom and Ann looked at each other.相当于:
Tom looked at Ann and Ann looked at Tom.
汤姆和安互相注视着。
one another和each other都可用于涉及两个或多个人或事物
的场合,但eachother常常用于涉及多个人或事物的场合。
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第六章?疑问词wh…?和how??
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'Amber demo'
54 疑问形容词及疑问代词
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用于人:主格牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?who(代词)
宾格 whom,牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?who(代词)
所有格牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 whose(代词,形容词)
用于物:主格/宾格牋牋 what(代词,形容词)
用于选择范围有限的人或物:主格/宾格which(代词,形容词)
上述这些疑问形容词和疑问代词的单、复数形式都是相同的。
what也可以用于指人。(参见第58节D。)
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55 who,whose等用做主语时后接肯定动词
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who,whose,which,what作主语时,通常接一个肯定动词而不是疑问动词:
Who pays the bills?
谁付帐?(肯定动词)
Whose/Which horse won?
谁的/哪匹马赢了?(肯定动词)
What happened?/What went wrong?
出了什么事?/出了什么毛病?(肯定动词,可能的回答如We missedthe train/had an accident。)
但who,whose等后跟be+名词或人称代词时,要用疑问动词:
Who are you?
你是谁?
Whose is this?
这是谁的?
What is that noise?
那噪音是怎么回事?
who,whose等作动词或介词的宾语时,整句当然需要用疑问动词。
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56 who,whom,whose,winch和what的用法举例
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A who,whom,whose
who作主语:
Who keeps the keys?
谁保管那些钥匙?(肯定动词)
Who took my gun?
谁拿了我的枪?(肯定动词)
Who are these boys?
这些男孩是谁?(疑问动词)
who,whom作动词宾语:
常用英语:
Who did you see?
你见到谁了?
很正式的英语:
Whom did the mittee appoint?
委员会指定了谁?
whose作主语或主语的一部分:
Whose car broke down?
谁的车子发生了故障?(肯定动词)
Whose(books)are these?
这些(书)是谁的?(疑问动词)
whose作动词宾语或主语的一部分:
Whose umbrella did you borrow?
你借了谁的雨伞?
B which
Which作主语或主语的一部分:
Which pigeon arrived first?
哪一只鸽子先到达的?(肯定动词)
Which of them is the eldest?
他们中谁的年龄最大?(肯定动词)
which作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:
Which hand do you use?
你用哪一只手?
Which of these dates would you prefer?
这几个日期你喜欢哪一个?
C what
what作主语或主语的一部分:
What caused the explosion?
是什么引起爆炸的?(肯定动词)
What kind of tree is that?
那是哪种树?(肯定动词)
what作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:
What paper do you read?
你经常看什么报纸?
What did they eat?
他们吃了什么?
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57 who,whom,which和what作介词宾语
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A who,whom
在正规英语中我们用介词+whom结构:
With whom did you go?
你和谁一起去的?
To whom were you speaking?
你刚才在跟谁说话?
但在日常口语中我们常把介词置于句末。这时一般将whom变成who:
Who did you go with?
Who were you speaking to?
B which,what
在正规英语中我们用介词+which/what结构:
To which address did you send it?
你把东西寄到哪个地址去了?
On what do you base your theory?
你的理论依据是什么?
在非正规英语中我们将介词置于句末:
Which address did you send it to?
What do you base your theory on?
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58 what的用法
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A what是一个指事物的疑问词:
What bird is that?
那是什么鸟?
What makes that noise?
什么发出的噪音?
What country do you e from?
你是哪国人?
What did he say?
他说了什么?
B what…for?意为“为什么”:
What did you do that for?相当于:
Why did you do that?
你为什么做那事?
C what+be…like?要求对方进行描述,可以用于人或物:
—What was the exam like?
—It was very difficult.
—这次考试怎么样?
—难极了。
—What was the weather like?
—It was very windy.
—天气怎么样?
—风很大。
—What’s the food like in your hostel?
—It’s quite good.
—你们学生公寓的伙食怎么样?
—还不错。
用于人时,既可指人的外表,也可指人的性格、品质:
He’s short and fat and wears glasses.
他个子不高,很胖,戴眼镜。
He’s a very talkative,friendly man.
他是一个非常健谈、和善的人。
what does he/she/it look like?仅指外表,也表示他/她/它像谁(什么):
—What does she look like?
—She is tall and glamorous.She looks like a film star.
牎な裁囱?
—她个子很高,很有魅力。看上去像个电影明星。
—What does it look like?
—It’s black and shiny.It looks like coal.
—它看上去什么样?
—它黑而亮,看上去像煤。
D what is he?表示他从事什么职业:
—What is his father?
—He is a tailor.
—他父亲是干什么的?
—他是个裁缝。
what作形容词时可用于指人,但不常见:What students are you talking about?(你们在谈论哪些学生?)这种用法是可以的,但用Which students…?时较为常见。
E what和how用于有关度量等的提问中
what主要与这些名词连用为what+age/depth/height/length/ width,但在口语中用how old/deep/high/tall/long/wide?结构。在需要准确的回答时用what size/weight?结构,尽管也可用how big/heavy?结构:
What age are you?/What is your age?/How old are you?
你多大年龄?
What height is he?/What is his height?/How tall is he?
他有多高?
What is the weight of the parcel?/How heavy is it?
包裹有多重?
What size do you take in shoes?
你穿多大号的鞋?
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59 which与who和what的比较
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A which和who用于指物的例子:
What will you have to drink?
你想喝点什么?
There is gin,whisky and sherry;which will you have?
我们这里有杜松子酒、威士忌酒以及雪利酒。您想要哪一种?
—What does it cost to get to Scotland?
—It depends on how you go.
—Which(way) is the cheapest?/Which is the cheapest(way)?
—到苏格兰去要花多少钱?
—这要看你怎么走。
—哪一种走法最省钱?
—I’ve seen the play and the film.
—What did you think of them? Which(of them) did you like best?
—我看了戏剧和电影。
—你觉得(它们)怎么样?你最喜欢哪一个?
B which和who用于指人的例子:
—Who do you want to speak to?
—I want to speak to Mr Smith.
—We have two Smiths here. Which(of them) do you want?
—你想找谁谈?
—我想找史密斯先生谈。
—我们这里有两位姓史密斯的。你要找的是哪一位?
which(代词)指人的时候,不能单独用做动词的主语:
Which of you knows the formula?
你们谁知道这个公式?(“of you”是必要的。)
也可以说:
Who knows the formula?
C which(形容词)表示轻微限定的意思时可以用于指人:
Which poet(of all the poets) do you like best?
(在所有的诗人当中)你最喜欢哪一位诗人?
这里可以用what代替which,并且更合乎逻辑,但通常避免用
形容词what来指人。
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60疑问副词why,when,where和how
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A why?的含义是“为什么”:—Why was he late?
—He missed the bus.
—他为什么迟到了?
—他没赶上公共汽车。
B when?的含义是“什么时候”:—When do you get up?
—7a.m.
—你平常什么时候起床?
—早晨7点。
C where?的含义是“什么地方”:—Where do you live?
—In London.
—你住在哪儿?
—住在伦敦。
D how?的含义是“怎么样”:
—How did you e?
—I came by plane.
—你是怎么来的?
—我是乘飞机来的。
—How do you start the engine?
—You press the button.
—怎样启动发动机?
—按这个按钮。
how还可有以下用法:
1与形容词连用(参见第25节C):
How strong are you?
你有多大劲儿?
How important is this letter?
这封信的重要性有多大?
(关于how+old/high等,参见第58节E。)
2与much和many连用:
How much(money) do you want?
你需要多少钱?
How many(pictures)did you buy?
你买了多少幅(画)?
3与副词连用:
How fast does he drive?
他开得有多快?
How often do you go abroad?
你多长时间出一次国?
How badly was he hurt?
他伤得怎么样?
How soon can you e?
你多快能赶来?
注意How is she?(她身体怎么样?)询问的是她的健康状况,而What is she like?(她长得什么样?)询问的是她的外貌。(参见第58节C。)
不要把How are you?(你身体怎么样?)和How do you do? (您好!)搞混。当两个人被介绍认识时,双方都说How do you do?这只是一句问候语而不是真的提出一个问题。(参见第126节。)
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61 ever位于who,what,where,why,when,how之后
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Where ever have you been?I’ve been looking for you everywhere!
你究竟到哪儿去了?我在到处找你!Who ever told you I’d lend you the money?I’ve no money at all! 到底是谁告诉你我会借你钱的?我一点钱也没有!
这里,句子中的ever并不是必不可少的,加上它只是为了表示强调说话人惊奇、惊讶、愤怒、气恼和沮丧的语气。它与on earth (究竟,到底),in the world(究竟)有同样的含义。
这样的句子总是用强调的口气。而且语调本身就表达了说话人的思想感情:
Why ever did you wash it in boiling water?
你究竟为什么把它放在开水里洗?(表示沮丧。)
Who ever are you?
你究竟是谁?(对方大概是个闯入者。)
Who ever left the door open?
到底是谁没关门?(哪个蠢人没关门?)
Where ever have you put my briefcase?
你究竟把我的公文包放到哪儿去了?(我哪儿也找不到。)
What ever are you doing in my car?
你究竟在我的车里搞什么名堂?(表示惊讶或不高兴。)
When ever did you leave home?
你到底是什么时候离开家的?(你一定很早就离开了。)
How ever did he escape unhurt?
他究竟是怎么逃出来还没受伤的?(车子可是完全撞坏了。)
注意:why ever not?和what ever for?的用法如:
—You mustn’t wear anything green.
—Why ever not?
—你不准穿任何绿色的衣服。
—究竟为什么不准穿呢?(我不明白这道禁令的原因。)
—Bring a knife to class tomorrow.
—What ever for?
—明天上课带一把刀子来。
—究竟是干什么用?(我不明白我需要一把刀做什么。)
(关于写成一个词的whoever,whatever等的用法参见第85节。)
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第七章
所有格代词、人称代词及反身代词
my,mine,I,myself等?
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'Amber demo'
62所有格形容词及所有格代词
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所有格形容词/所有格代词
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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6。22
Trial version
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注意:这里不加任何所有格符号即省字撇(apostrophe)。学生应注意,在写所有格形容词its时,不要犯加上所有格符号的常见错误。it’s(带省字撇)的含义是it is。
thy,thine是第二人称单数的古旧的所有格形容词和所有格代词形式。它们在现代英语中已不再使用,只有在《圣经》和20世纪以前的诗歌中才能见到。
one’s是代词one的所有格形容词形式。
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'Ambe
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