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世界上最优美的散文--人生短篇-第1部分

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作者:拜伦 等

内容简介:    流传千年的至理名言,震撼心灵的永恒经典!精选78篇精美散文,让你了解到拿破仑的铁汉柔情,丘吉尔的幸福平安之道,泰戈尔的广济博爱的情怀……用最优美的文字,表达最浪漫的情怀,阐明最清澈的心灵。〃

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第1卷 第一章

    读书的乐趣

    佚名

    人类世世代代的聪明才智,几百年来愉悦人们的故事,都可以轻松实惠地从书中获得。 不过,读者必须懂得利用知识,进而获得最大收益。世上最不幸的人就是那些从未体会过阅 读佳作所带来的快乐的人。

    我对人很感兴趣,对他们个人和发掘他们同样兴趣十足。我所认识的一些卓越的人物只 能到作家的想像中寻找,然后又体现在作家的作品之中,最后变成我的想像。我从书中结识 了新朋友,扩大了社会知识,也学到了新的语言。

    如果说我是对人感兴趣,那么其他人的兴趣则是关注怎样而不是谁的问题。书中的人物 可谓丰富多彩,不仅有科幻小说中描写的两万年后的超人,还可以追溯到人类历史的开端。 记录的事情也是千奇百怪,从对福尔摩斯侦探故事的巧妙叙述到科学发现和管教孩子的方法 。

    读书是一种思维享受,有点像体育运动。善于读书的人需要强烈的求知欲,丰富的知识 和敏捷的反应。读书之所以是一种乐趣,并不在于作者告诉你什么,而是因为读书使你积极 思考。在作者的引导下,你的想像任意驰骋,甚至超越作者的想像。对比作者的经历,你会 得出自己的结论,也许相同,也许相悖,而随着你对作者思想的理解,你也会变得越来越深 刻。

    每一部书都独自存在,犹如独户房子。而图书馆的书籍则像城市中的建筑。尽管它们各 成一体,但却共同构成一个整体。不仅它们之间相互关联,而且也与其他城市相互联系。相 同或相近的看法在不同的地方出现。文学作品中反映的就是人们生活中经常出现的事情,但 在不同时期作者的处理却大相径庭。书籍之间也相互影响,它们传承过去,体现现在,预测 将来,相互联系,代代相传,形同各个家族。不管你从何时读起,都会有一种观点与你相符 。长远来看,你不仅从书中了解世界,体验别人的生活,你也会认识你自己。

    只有你诚心读书,阅读才会成为一种乐趣。假如你读的是别人认为“该”读的书,你很 可能觉得索然寡味。假如你放下自己不喜欢的书,另试一本,直到发现自己觉得有意义的书 ,然后心情轻松地读下去,你肯定会感到心情畅快。假如你因阅读而变得更为高尚、聪明、 善良、文雅,读书就不再是一种负担了。

    the pleasure of reading

    anonymous

    all the wisdom of the ages; all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries; are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of bo oks but we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasure and how to get the most from it。 the most unfortunate people in the world are those who have never discovered how satisfying it is to read good books。

    i am most interested in people; in them and finding out about them。 some of the most remarkable people i've met existed only in a writer's imagination; then on the pages of his book; and then; again; in my imagination。 i've found in boo ks new friends; new societies; new words。

    if i am interested in people; others are interested not so much in who as i n how。 who in the books includes everybody from science fiction superman two hun dred centuries in the future all the way back to the first figures in history。 h ow covers everything from the ingenious explanations of sherlock holmes to the d iscoveries of science and ways of teaching mannner to children。

    reading is pleasure of the mind; which means that it is a little like a spor t: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader。 reading is fun; not because the writer is telling you something; but because it makes your mind work。 your own imagination works along with the author's or even goes beyo nd his。 your experience; compared with his; brings you to the same or different conclusions; and your ideas develop as you understand his。

    every book stands by itself; like a onefamily house; but books in a librar y are like houses in a city。 although they are separate; together they all add u p to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities。 the sa me ideas; or related ones; turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature; but with different so lutions acomording to different writings at different times。 books influence each other; they link the past; the present and the future and have their own genera tions; like families。 wherever you start reading you connect yourself with one o f the families of ideas; and in the long run; you not only find out about the wo rld and the people in it; you find out about yourself; too。

    reading can only be fun if you expect it to be。 if you concentrate on books somebody tells you you “ought〃 to read; you probably won't have fun。 but if you put down a book you don't like and try another till you find one that means som ething to you; and then relax with it; you will almost certainly have a good tim e — and if you become; as a result of reading; better; wiser; kinder; or more g entle; you won't have suffered during the process。

    读书乐

    约翰。卢伯克

    约翰。卢伯克(1834—1913),英国考古学家,生物学家和政治家。出生于伦敦,曾任 下议院议员,提出过数十个议案,包括1871年通过的《银行节假日法》(后来被称为“圣卢 伯克日”)。

    书对于人类就如同记忆对于个人一样。书籍记载了民族的历史,人类的发现、世代累积 的知识和经验;书为我们描述自然界的奇迹和美丽,帮我们渡过难关,在我们伤痛时给予安 慰,将疲劳的日子变为快乐短暂的时刻;书知识武装我们的头脑,填满美好而快乐的思想, 然后提升自我,超越自我。

    读书时,请不要做皇宫里的国王,最好让自己沉醉在山林海滨,探询美丽奇景,而不必 受疲惫、麻烦和费用巨大之苦。书籍把珍贵无价的祝福撒在身边的小径,我们心情高尚,想 像丰富地穿梭其中,去探寻壮丽『迷』人的地区。

    麦考莱拥有财富和名声、地位和权力,然而他在传记里告诉我们,他一生中最快乐的时 光就是与书为伴。在一封写给一个小女孩的『迷』人信件中,他写道:“如果有人能使我做有史 以来最伟大的国王,拥有宫殿、园林、美酒、佳肴、马车、华服和上百名仆从,却以不能读 书为条件,我不会做这个国王。我宁愿做个穷人,住在小阁楼却能饱览群书,而不愿变成不 爱读书的国王。”

    the delights of books

    john lubbock

    books are to mankind what memory is to the individual。 they contain the hist ory of our race; the discoveries we have made; the acomumulated knowledge and exp erience of ages; they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature; help us in our difficulties; comfort us in sorrow and in suffering; change hours of wea riness into moments of delight; store our minds with ideas; fill them with good and happy thoughts; and lift us out of and above ourselves。

    when we read we may not only be kings and live in palaces; but; what is far better; we may transport ourselves to the mountains or the seashore; and visit t he most beautiful parts of the earth; without fatigue; inconvenience; expense。 p recious and priceless are the blessing; which the books scatter around our daily paths。 we walk; in imagination; with the noblest spirits; through the most subl ime and enchanting regions。

    macaulay had wealth and fame; rank and power; and yet he tells us in his bio graphy that he owed the happiest hours of his life to books。 in a charming lette r to a little girl; he says: “if any one would make me the greatest king that e ver lived; with palaces and gardens and fine dinners;and wines and coaches; and beautiful clothes; and hundreds of servants; on condition that i should not read books; i would not be a king。 i would rather be a poor man in garret with plent y of books than a king who did not love reading。〃

    关于读书

    阿诺德。本涅特

    阿诺德。本涅特(1867—1931),本世纪初期英国著名的小说家、散文家。他的文风受法 国自然主义的影响较深,行文冷静客观,准确工整;他的文字也简单易懂,与所叙内容非常 协调,具有很好的艺术效果。

    鲍斯威尔的《约翰逊传》今天出了新版第一卷(奥古斯丁。比勒尔编)。这再次提醒我 这本书我还没怎么读过。我在思索;那些一个普通文化人应该读,不读即为罪过的书籍;是否 真有人读了或几乎读完了。如果真有这样一个人,那他一定是个非常非常老的人,而且是从 婴孩时期就要开始读书;每天要坚持16个小时。

    我不记得曾否读完任何一位作家的全部著作,即使简。奥斯汀也不例外。我从未看过《 苏珊》和《沃森一家》,其中有一本是绝好的书。莎士比亚、培根、斯宾塞的大部分作品我 也不曾读过;乔叟的书几乎没读过;康格里夫、德莱顿、蒲柏、斯威夫特、斯特恩、约翰逊 、斯科特、科勒律治、雪莱、拜伦、埃奇沃斯、兰姆、利。亨特、华兹华斯(几乎全部)、 丁尼生、史文朋、勃朗特姐妹、乔治。艾略特、n。『毛』里斯、乔治。梅瑞迪斯、托马斯,哈 代、萨维奇。兰道、萨克雷、卡莱尔——事实上每一位古典作家和大多数现代大家的作品我 都不曾拜读过,我未读过的名著的名字也可以写一卷书了。只有一位作家——简。奥斯丁; 我可称得上熟悉。对济慈和史蒂文生我也稍微了解。英国作家仅此而已。至于外国作家,我 只熟悉莫泊桑和龚古儿兄弟。《唐。吉诃德》还未看完。

    然而我不能说自己渎职。自20岁起,我就酷爱读书。从那时起;我除了读“正经”书外 几乎可以说什么也没读(除了文学批评家的职业所要求的)。我有适度的空闲时间;读书欲 望强烈稳定,我选择书籍的品位肯定高出常人;然而多年来;我对那些浩瀚的“人人必读〃书 目几乎没有什么印象。

    on reading

    arnold bennett

    the appearance today of the first volume of a new edition of boswell's johns on; edited by augustine birrell; reminds me once again that i have read but litt le of that work。 does there; i wonder; exist a being who has read all; or approx imately all; that the person of average culture is supposed to have read; and th at not to have read is a social sin。 if such a being does exist; surely he is an old; a very old man; who has read steadily that which he ought to have read 16 hours a day; from early infancy。

    i cannot recall a single author of whom i have read everything — even of ja ne austen。 i have never seen susan and the watsons; one of which i have been tol d is superlatively good。 then there are large tracts of shakespeare; bacon; spen ser; nearly all chaucer; congreve; dryden; pope; swift; sterne; johnson; scott; coleridge; shelley; byron; edgeworth; ferrier; lamb; leigh hunt; wordsworth (nea rly all); tennyson; swinbume; and brontes; george eliot; w。 morris; george mered ith; thomas hardy; savage landor; thackeray; carlyle—in fact every classical au thor and most good modern authors; which i have never even overlooked。 a list of the masterpieces i have not read would fill a volume。 with only one author can i call myself familiar; jane austen。 with keats and stevenson; i have an acquain tance。 so far of english。 of foreign authors i am familiar with maupassant and t he goncourts。 i have yet to finish don quixote!

    nevertheless i cannot acomuse myself of default。 i have been extremely fond o f reading since i was 20; and since i was 20 i have read practically nothing (sa ve professionally; as a literary critic) but what was “right〃。 my leisure has b een moderate; my desire strong and steady; my taste in selection certainly above the average; and yet in 10 years i seem scarcely to have made an impression upo n the intolerable multitude of volumes which “everyone is supposed to have read 〃。

    力量无限

    托玛斯。德。昆西

    托玛斯。德。昆西(1785—1859),19世纪前期英国著名的浪漫主义散文家,其代表作 为《一个英国吸鸦片者的陈述》。本文节选自他的文章《知识的文学与力量的文学》。

    除此之外,还有一种东西比真理更为神奇——那就是力量,或者说,它和真理有着深刻 的感应。比如说,儿童对于社会的影响是什么呢?由于儿童的弱小、孤独、天真、纯朴而引 起的种种特殊的赞叹怜爱之情,不仅使人的真『性』情不断地得到巩固和更新,而且,因为脆弱 唤醒了宽容,天真象征着天堂,纯朴远离世俗。所以,这些在上帝面前最宝贵的品质也就永 远保存在记忆里,而且它们的理想不断地被重温。高级的文学,也就是力量的文学,同样回 答了这个问题。你能从《失乐园》中学到什么知识?什么也学不到。你又能从一本食谱里学 到什么呢?从每一段你都能学到过去所不知道的某种新知识。但是,你会因此就把一本微不 足道的食谱看得比那部神圣的诗篇还高明吗?我们从弥尔顿那里学来的并不是什么知识,因 为即使有一百万条知识,也不过是在尘俗的地面上行走一百万次罢了。但弥尔顿给予我们的 是力量——也就是说,运用自己潜在的感应能力,向着无限的领域扩张。在那里,脉搏的每 一次跳动,力量的每一次汇集,都意味着上升一步,好似沿着雅各的天梯,从地面一步一步 登上那奥秘莫测的苍穹。知识的步伐,从开始到终结,只能在同一水平面上将人往前运载, 但却无法使人从原来的地面上提高一步。然而,力量所迈出的第一步就是飞跃,就是向另一 种境界的超越——在那里,尘世的一切都会被忘却。

    the power is unlimited

    thomas de quincey

    besides which; there is a rarer thing than truth — namely power; or deep sy mpathy with truth。 what is the effect; for instance; upon society; of children。 by the pity; by the tenderness; and by the peculiar modes of admiration which co nnect themselves with the helplessness; with the innocence; and with the simplic ity of children; not only are the primal affections strengthened and continually renewed; but the qualities which are dearest in the sight of heaven — the frai lty; for instance; which appeals to forbearance; the simplicity which is most al ien from the worldly — are kept up in perpetual remembrance; and their ideals a re continually refreshed。 a purpose of the same nature is answered by the higher literature; viz; the literature of power。 what do you learn from paradise lost。 nothing at all。 what do you learn from a cookerybook。 something new; somethin g that you did not know before; in every paragraph。 but would you therefore put the wretched cookerybook on a higher level of estimation than the divine poem。 what you owe to milton is not any knowledge; of which a million separate items are still but a million of advancing steps on the same earthly level; what you o we is power — that is; exercise and expansion to your own latent capacity of sy mpathy with the infinite; where every pulse and each separate influx is a step u pward; a step 论教育

    阿尔弗烈德。诺斯。怀特海

    阿尔弗烈德。诺斯。怀特海(1861—1947),英国著名数学家与哲学家,剑桥大学毕业 1914—1924年间任伦敦大学实用数学教授。1924—1937年受美国哈佛大学聘请,在该校讲授 哲学,嗣后即继续留居美国。怀特海是近代英美知识界影响较广的学者之一。

    教育是获得运用知识的艺术。这门艺术非常不易传授。即使是一本具有真正教育价值的 教科书,可以断定,也会有书评家说它教起课来不容易使用。教起课来当然不容易使用。教 起来不费功夫的书是没有意义的;只配烧掉,因为它根本没有教育价值。教育就如同其他领 域,宽阔的樱草路是通往绝境的。这条害人之路就表现在一套书或讲义上面,凭借这些资料 ;学生往往简单背诵可能会在考试中出现的问题便了事。我想提一下,这样的教育体制是没 有任何出路的,否则就必须做到:允许授课的老师亲自去组织和修改考试中的问题;提问自 己的学生……

    我们再来讨论我上面提出的观点,一定要把理论概念具体地运用到学生的课程之中。这 条原则在具体运用中十分困难,因为它关系到教育的中心问题;必须不断地更新知识;使知识 保持生命力;防止知识僵化。

    ……

    我呼吁那些奋斗在一线的教师要,经受良好的训练。这样,把死板知识灌注到学生们的 头脑当中是没问题的。给学生一本书就让他们学;这样就万事大吉了。于是学生就学会解二 次方程了。但是教会他去解二次方程的目的又何在呢。按照传统的回答就是:人的头脑就是 工具,要想好好利用就必须先塑造它,学习解二次方程就是塑造头脑这个工具的一部分。这 种观点也有道理;否则不会经历这么久远。但是这个片面道理却包含着一个根本『性』的错误, 它抑制了天才智慧。我不知道是谁提出头脑是一个工具的。对此我一无所知;也可能是希腊 七智中的哪一个或者他们七个商量后共同弄出来的。到底谁是始作俑者先不管,由于受到名 流们的推崇,这种说法毫无疑问已经获得了很大权威。但是不管它的权威有多大,不管它能 援引的称赞有多强大,我都毫不
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