君主论-the prince(英文版)-第10部分

快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部! 如果本书没有阅读完，想下次继续接着阅读，可使用上方 "收藏到我的浏览器" 功能 和 "加入书签" 功能！


the　people；　her　enemy；　were　alliedwith　foreigners。　Therefore　it　would　have　been　safer　for　her；　both　thenand　before；　not　to　have　been　hated　by　the　people　than　to　have　had　thefortresses。　All　these　things　considered　then；　I　shall　praise　him　whobuilds　fortresses　as　well　as　him　who　does　not；　and　I　shall　blamewhoever；　trusting　in　them；　cares　little　about　being　hated　by　the　people。CHAPTER　XXIHOW　A　PRINCE　SHOULD　CONDUCT　HIMSELF　SO　AS　TO　GAIN　RENOWNNOTHING　makes　a　prince　so　much　esteemed　as　great　enterprises　and　settinga　fine　example。　We　have　in　our　time　Ferdinand　of　Aragon；　the　presentKing　of　Spain。　He　can　almost　be　called　a　new　prince；　because　he　hasrisen；　by　fame　and　glory；　from　being　an　insignificant　king　to　be　theforemost　king　in　Christendom；　and　if　you　will　consider　his　deeds　youwill　find　them　all　great　and　some　of　them　extraordinary。　In　thebeginning　of　his　reign　he　attacked　Granada；　and　this　enterprise　was　thefoundation　of　his　dominions。　He　did　this　quietly　at　first　and　withoutany　fear　of　hindrance；　for　he　held　the　minds　of　the　barons　of　Castileoccupied　in　thinking　of　the　war　and　not　anticipating　any　innovations；thus　they　did　not　perceive　that　by　these　means　he　was　acquiring　powerand　authority　over　them。　He　was　able　with　the　money　of　the　Church　and　ofthe　people　to　sustain　his　armies；　and　by　that　long　war　to　lay　thefoundation　for　the　military　skill　which　has　since　distinguished　him。Further；　always　using　religion　as　a　plea；　so　as　to　undertake　greaterschemes；　he　devoted　himself　with　a　pious　cruelty　to　driving　out　andclearing　his　kingdom　of　the　Moors；　nor　could　there　be　a　more　admirableexample；　nor　one　more　rare。　Under　this　same　cloak　he　assailed　Africa；　hecame　down　on　Italy；　he　has　finally　attacked　France；　and　thus　hisachievements　and　designs　have　always　been　great；　and　have　kept　the　mindsof　his　people　in　suspense　and　admiration　and　occupied　with　the　issue　ofthem。　And　his　actions　have　arisen　in　such　a　way；　one　out　of　the　other；that　men　have　never　been　given　time　to　work　steadily　against　him。Again；　it　much　assists　a　prince　to　set　unusual　examples　in　internalaffairs；　similar　to　those　which　are　related　of　Messer　Bernabo　da　Milano；who；　when　he　had　the　opportunity；　by　any　one　in　civil　life　doing　someextraordinary　thing；　either　good　or　bad；　would　take　some　method　ofrewarding　or　punishing　him；　which　would　be　much　spoken　about。　And　aprince　ought；　above　all　things；　always　to　endeavour　in　every　action　togain　for　himself　the　reputation　of　being　a　great　and　remarkable　man。A　prince　is　also　respected　when　he　is　either　a　true　friend　or　adownright　enemy；　that　to　say；　when；　without　any　reservation；　he　declareshimself　in　favour　of　one　party　against　the　other；　which　course　willalways　be　more　advantageous　than　standing　neutral；　because　if　two　ofyour　powerful　neighbours　e　to　blows；　they　are　of　such　a　characterthat；　if　one　of　them　conquers；　you　have　either　to　fear　him　or　not。　Ineither　case　it　will　always　be　more　advantageous　for　you　to　declareyourself　and　to　make　war　strenuously；　because；　in　the　first　case；　if　youdo　not　declare　yourself；　you　will　invariably　fall　a　prey　to　theconqueror；　to　the　pleasure　and　satisfaction　of　him　who　has　beenconquered；　and　you　will　have　no　reasons　to　offer；　nor　anything　toprotect　or　to　shelter　you。　Because　he　who　conquers　does　not　wantdoubtful　friends　who　will　not　aid　him　in　the　time　of　trial；　and　he　wholoses　will　not　harbour　you　because　you　did　not　willingly；　sword　in　hand；court　his　fate。Antiochus　went　into　Greece；　being　sent　for　by　the　Aetolians　to　drive　outthe　Romans。　He　sent　envoys　to　the　Achaeans；　who　were　friends　of　theRomans；　exhorting　them　to　remain　neutral；　and　on　the　other　hand　theRomans　urged　them　to　take　up　arms。　This　question　came　to　be　discussed　inthe　council　of　the　Achaeans；　where　the　legate　of　Antiochus　urged　them　tostand　neutral。　To　this　the　Roman　legate　answered：　〃As　for　that　which　hasbeen　said；　that　it　is　better　and　more　advantageous　for　your　state　not　tointerfere　in　our　war；　nothing　can　be　more　erroneous；　because　by　notinterfering　you　will　be　left；　without　favour　or　consideration；　theguerdon　of　the　conqueror。〃　Thus　it　will　always　happen　that　he　who　is　notyour　friend　will　demand　your　neutrality；　whilst　he　who　is　your　friendwill　entreat　you　to　declare　yourself　with　arms。　And　irresolute　princes；to　avoid　present　dangers；　generally　follow　the　neutral　path；　and　aregenerally　ruined。　But　when　a　prince　declares　himself　gallantly　in　favourof　one　side；　if　the　party　with　whom　he　allies　himself　conquers；　althoughthe　victor　may　be　powerful　and　may　have　him　at　his　mercy；　yet　he　isindebted　to　him；　and　there　is　established　a　bond　of　amity；　and　men　arenever　so　shameless　as　to　bee　a　monument　of　ingratitude　by　oppressingyou。　Victories　after　all　are　never　so　plete　that　the　victor　must　notshow　some　regard；　especially　to　justice。　But　if　he　with　whom　you　allyyourself　loses；　you　may　be　sheltered　by　him；　and　whilst　he　is　able　hemay　aid　you；　and　you　bee　panions　in　a　fortune　that　may　rise　again。In　the　second　case；　when　those　who　fight　are　of　such　a　character　thatyou　have　no　anxiety　as　to　ore　is　itgreater　prudence　to　be　allied；　because　you　assist　at　the　destruction　ofone　by　the　aid　of　another　who；　if　he　had　been　wise；　would　have　savedhim；　and　conquering；　as　it　is　impossible　that　he　should　not　with　yourassistance；　he　remains　at　your　discretion。　And　here　it　is　to　be　notedthat　a　prince　ought　to　take　care　never　to　make　an　alliance　with　one　morepowerful　than　himself　for　the　purpose　of　attacking　others；　unlessnecessity　pels　him；　as　is　said　above；　because　if　he　conquers　you　areat　his　discretion；　and　princes　ought　to　avoid　as　much　as　possible　beingat　the　discretion　of　any　one。　The　Veians　joined　with　France　againstthe　Duke　of　Milan；　and　this　alliance；　which　caused　their　ruin；　couldhave　been　avoided。　But　when　it　cannot　be　avoided；　as　happened　to　theFlorentines　when　the　Pope　and　Spain　sent　armies　to　attack　Lombardy；　thenin　such　a　case；　for　the　above　reasons；　the　prince　ought　to　favour　one　ofthe　parties。Never　let　any　Government　imagine　that　it　can　choose　perfectly　safecourses；　rather　let　it　expect　to　have　to　take　very　doubtful　ones；because　it　is　found　in　ordinary　affairs　that　one　never　seeks　to　avoidone　trouble　without　running　into　another；　but　prudence　consists　inknowing　how　to　distinguish　the　character　of　troubles；　and　for　choice　totake　the　lesser　evil。A　prince　ought　also　to　show　himself　a　patron　of　ability；　and　to　honourthe　proficient　in　every　art。　At　the　same　time　he　should　encourage　hiscitizens　to　practise　their　callings　peaceably；　both　in　merce　andagriculture；　and　in　every　other　following；　so　that　the　one　should　not　bedeterred　from　improving　his　possessions　for　fear　lest　they　be　taken　awayfrom　him　or　another　from　opening　up　trade　for　fear　of　taxes；　but　theprince　ought　to　offer　rewards　to　whoever　wishes　to　do　these　things　anddesigns　in　any　way　to　honour　his　city　or　state。Further；　he　ought　to　entertain　the　people　with　festivals　and　spectaclesat　convenient　seasons　of　the　year；　and　as　every　city　is　divided　intoguilds　or　into　societies；　he　ought　to　hold　such　bodies　in　esteem；　andassociate　with　them　sometimes；　and　show　himself　an　example　of　courtesyand　liberality；　nevertheless；　always　maintaining　the　majesty　of　hisrank；　for　this　he　must　never　consent　to　abate　in　anything。CHAPTER　XXIICONCERNING　THE　SECRETARIES　OF　PRINCESTHE　choice　of　servants　is　of　no　little　importance　to　a　prince；　and　theyare　good　or　not　according　to　the　discrimination　of　the　prince。　And　thefirst　opinion　which　one　forms　of　a　prince；　and　of　his　understanding；　isby　observing　the　men　he　has　around　him；　and　when　they　are　capable　andfaithful　he　may　always　be　considered　wise；　because　he　has　known　how　torecognize　the　capable　and　to　keep　them　faithful。　But　when　they　areotherwise　one　cannot　form　a　good　opinion　of　him；　for　the　prime　errorwhich　he　made　was　in　choosing　them。There　were　none　who　knew　Messer　Antonio　da　Venafro　as　the　servant　ofPandolfo　Petrucci；　Prince　of　Siena；　who　would　not　consider　Pandolfo　tobe　a　very　clever　man　in　having　Venafro　for　his　servant。　Because　thereare　three　classes　of　intellects：　one　which　prehends　by　itself；another　which　appreciates　what　others　prehend；　and　a　third　whichneither　prehends　by　itself　nor　by　the　showing　of　others；　the　first　isthe　most　excellent；　the　second　is　good；　the　third　is　useless。　Therefore；it　follows　necessarily　that；　if　Pandolfo　was　not　in　the　first　rank；　hewas　in　the　second；　for　whenever　one　has　judgment　to　know　good　or　badwhen　it　is　said　and　done；　although　he　himself　may　not　have　theinitiative；　yet　he　can　recognize　the　good　and　the　bad　in　his　servant；and　the　one　he　can　praise　and　the　other　correct；　thus　the　servant　cannothope　to　deceive　him；　and　is　kept　honest。But　to　enable　a　prince　to　form　an　opinion　of　his　servant　there　is　oest　which　never　falls；　when　you　see　the　servant　thinking　more　of　hisown　interests　than　of　yours；　and　seeking　inwardly　his　own　profit　ineverything；　such　a　man　will　never　make　a　good　servant；　nor　will　you　everbe　able　to　trust　him；　because　he　who　has　the　state　of　another　in　hishands　ought　never　to　think　of　himself；　but　always　of　his　prince；　andnever　pay　any　attention　to　matters　in　which　the　prince　is　not　concerned。On　the　other　to　keep　his　servant　honest　the　prince　ought　to　study　him；honouring　him；　enriching　him；　doing　him　kindnesses；　sharing　with　him　thehonours　and　cares；　and　at　the　same　time　let　him　see　that　he　cannot　standalone；　so　that　many　honours　not　make　him　desire　more；　many　riches　makehim　wish　for　more；　and　that　many　cares　may　make　him　dread　changes。　When；therefore；　servants；　and　princes　towards　servants；　are　thus　disposed；they　can　trust　each　other；　but　when　it　is　otherwise；　the　end　will　alwaysbe　disastrous　for　either　one　or　the　other。CHAPTER　XXIIIHOW　FLATTERERS　SHOULD　BE　AVOIDEDI　DO　NOT　wish　to　leave　out　an　important　branch　of　this　subject；　for　itis　a　danger　from　which　princes　are　with　difficulty　preserved；　unlessthey　are　very　careful　and　discriminating。　It　is　that　of　flatterers；　ofwhom　courts　arc　full；　because　men　are　so　self…placent　in　their　ownaffairs；　and　in　a　way　so　deceived　in　them；　that　they　are　preserved　withdifficulty　from　this　pest；　and　if　they　wish　to　defend　themselves　theyrun　the　danger　of　falling　into　contempt。　Because　there　is　no　other　wayof　guarding　oneself　from　flatterers　except　letting　men　understand　thatto　tell　you　the　truth　does　not　offend　you；　but　when　every　one　may　tellyou　the　truth；　respect　for　you　abates。Therefore　a　wise　prince　ought　to　hold　a　third　course　by　choosing　thewise　men　in　his　state；　and　giving　to　them　only　the　liberty　of　speakingthe　truth　to　him；　and　then　only　of　those　things　of　which　he　inquires；and　of　none　others；　but　he　ought　to　question　them　upon　everything；　andlisten　to　their　opinions；　and　afterwards　form　his　own　conclusions。　Withthese　councillors；　separately　and　collectively；　he　ought　to　carryhimself　in　such　a　way　that　each　of　them　should　know　that；　the　morefreely　he　shall　speak；　the　more　he　shall　be　preferred；　outside　of　these；he　should　listen　to　no　one；　pursue　the　thing　resolved　on；　and　besteadfast　in　his　resolutions。　He　who　does　otherwise　is　either　overthrownby　flatterers；　or　is　so　often　changed　by　varying　opinions　that　he　fallsinto　contempt。I　wish　on　this　subject　to　adduce　a　modern　example。　Fra　Luca；　the　man　ofaffairs　to　Maximilian；　the　present　emperor；　speaking　of　his　majesty；said：　He　consulted　with　no　one；　yet　never　got　his　own　way　in　anything。This　arose　because　of　his　following　a　practice　the　opposite　to　theabove；　for　the　emperor　is　a　secretive　man　……　he　does　not　municate　hisdesigns　to　any　one；　nor　does　he　receive　opinions　on　them。　But　as　incarrying　them　into　effect　they　bee　revealed　and　known；　they　are　atonce　obstructed　by　those　men　whom　he　has　around　him；　and　he；　beingpliant；　is　diverted　from　them。　Hence　it　follows　that　those　things　hedoes　one　day　he　undoes　the　next；　and　no　one　ever　understands　what　hewishes　or　intends　to　do；　and　no　one　can　rely　on　his　resolutions。A　prince；　therefore；　ought　always　to　take　counsel；　but　only　when　hewishes　and　not　when　others　wish；　he　ought　rather　to　discourage　every　onefrom　offering　advice　unless　he　asks　it；　but；　however；　he　ought　to　be　aconstant　inquirer；　and　afterwards　a　patient　listener　concerning　thethings　of　which　he　inquired；　also；　on　learning　that　any　one；　on　anyconsideration；　has　not　told　him　the　truth；　he　should　let　his　anger　befelt。And　if　there　are　some　who　think　that　a　prince　who　conveys　an　impressionof　his　wisdom　is　not　so　through　his　own　ability；　but　through　the　goodadvisers　that　he　has　around　him；　beyond　doubt　they　are　deceived；　becausethis　is　an　axiom　which　never　fails：　that　a　prince　who　is　not　wisehimself　will　never　take　good　advice；　unless　by　chance　he　has　yielded　hisaffairs　entirely　to　one　person　who　happens　to　be　a　very　prudent　man。　Inthis　case　indeed　he　may　be　well　governed；　but　it　would　not　be　for　long；because　such　a　governor　would　in　a　short　time　take　away　his　state　fromhim。But　if　a　prince　who　is　not　experienced　should　take　counsel　from　morethan　one　he　will　never　get　united　counsels；　nor　will　he　know　how　tounite　them。　Each　of　the　counsellors　will　think　of　his　own　interests；　andthe　prince　will　not　know　how　to　control　them　or　to　see　through　them。　Andthey　are　not　to　be　found　otherwise；　because　men　will　always　prove　untrueto　you　unless　they　are　kept　honest　by　constraint。　Therefore　it　must　beinferred　that　good　counsels；　whencesoever　they　e；　are　born　of　thewisdom　of　the　prince；　and　not　the　wisdom　of　the　prince　from　goodcounsels。CHAPTER　XXIVTHE　PRINCES　OF　ITALY　HAVE　LOST　THEIR　STATESTHE　previous　suggestions；　carefully　observed；　will　enable　a　new　princeto　appear　well　established；　and　render　him　at　once　more　secure　and　fixedin　the　state　than　if　he　had　been　long　seated　there。　For　the　actions　of　anew　prince　are　more　narrowly　observed　than　those　of　an　hereditary　one；and　when　they　are　seen　to　be　able　they　gain　more　men　and　bind　fartighter　than　ancient　blood；　because　men　are　attracted　more　by　thepresent　than　by　the　past；　and　when　they　find　the　present　good　they　enjoyit　and　seek　no　further；　they　will　also　make　the　utmost　defence　for　aprince　if　he　fails　them　not　in　other　things。　Thus　it　will　be　a　doubleglory　to　him　to　have　established　a　new　principality；　and　adorned　andstrengthened　it　with　good　laws；　good　arms；　good　allies；　and　with　a　goodexample；　so　will　it　be　a　double　disgrace　to　him　who；　born　a　prince；shall　lose　his　state　by　want　of　wisdom。And　if　those　seigniors　are　considered　who　have　lost　their　states　inItaly　in　our　times；　such　as　the　King　of　Naples；　the　Duke　of　Milan；　andothers；　there　will　be　found　in　them；　firstly；　one　mon　defect　inregard　to　arms　from　the　causes　which　have　been　discussed　at　length；　inthe　next　place；　some　one　of　them　will　be　seen；　either　to　have　had　thepeople　hostile；　or　if　he　has　had　the　people　friendly；　he　has　not　knownhow　to　secure　the　nobles。　In　the　absence　of　these　defects　states　thathave　power　enough　to　keep　an　army　in　the　field　cannot　be　lost。Philip　of　Macedon；　not　the　father　of　Alexander　the　Great；　but　he　who　wasconquered　by　Titus　Quintius；　had　not　much　territory　pared　to　thegreatness　of　the　Romans　and　of　Greece　who　attacked　him；　yet　being　awarlike　man　who　knew　how　to　attract　the　people　and　secure　the　nobles；　hesustained　the　war　against　his　enemies　for　many　years；　and　if　in　the　endhe　lost　the　dominion　of　some　cities；　nevertheless　he　retained　thekingdom。Therefore；　do　not　let　our　princes　accuse　fortune　for　the　loss　of　theirprincipal