高山上的呼喊-go tell it on the mountain-第1部分

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《　Go　Tell　It　On　The　Mountain　》作者：James　Baldwin　　【完结】
Introduction
‘The　balloon　of　experience　is　tied　to　the　earth；’　wrote　Henry　James　in　The　American；　‘andunder　that　necessity　we　swing；　thanks　to　a　rope　of　remarkable　length；　in　the　more　or　lessmodious　car　of　imagination。’　In　1949　James　Baldwin　was　living　in　Paris　–　a　measure　of　ropehaving　been　unfurled　–　yet　his　ties　to　Harlem　grew　stronger　by　the　day。　There　was　little　of　Hemingway　or　Gertrude　Stein　in　Baldwin’s　sojourn；　though　he　enjoyed　a　little　more　freedomthere；　and　adventure　too；　he　wasn’t　there　for　friendship　or　freedom　or　adventure　either；　but　forwriting。　Baldwin　came　to　Europe　in　search　of　his　own　voice。　He　came　for　a　clear　view　of　the　past。
　　And　this　exile　suited　him；　sentences　at　once　beginning　to　bleed　out　of　memory　ands　imagination；old　wounds　opening　into　new　language。
　　Baldwin’s　father　was　a　lay　preacher；　to　his　eldest　son　he　was　‘handsome；　proud；　andingrown’。　The　son　was　born　into　a　religious　munity；　a　world　where　duty　joined　with　pride；where　sin　battled　with　high　hopes　of　redemption；　where　the　Saved　sang　over　the　Damned；　wherelove　and　hate　could　smell　similar；　and　where　fathers　and　sons　could　be　strangers　for　ever。　‘I　haddeclined　to　believe；’　Baldwin　wrote　in　his　famous　Notes　of　a　Native　Son；　‘in　that　apocalypse　whichhad　been　central　to　my　father’s　vision。’
　　…　I　had　not　known　my　father　well。　We　had　got　on　badly；　partly　because　we　shared；in　different　fashions；　the　vice　of　stubborn　pride。　When　he　was　dead　I　realized　I　had　hardlyever　spoken　to　him　…　He　was　of　the　first　generation　of　free　men。　He；　along　with　thousandsof　other　Negroes；　came　North　after　1919　and　I　was　part　of　that　generation　which　had　neverseen　the　landscape　of　what　Negroes　sometimes　called　the　Old　Country。
　　Baldwin　was　the　kind　of　writer　who　couldn’t　forget；　He　remembered　everything；　and　thepulse　of　remembering；　and　the　ache　of　old　news；　makes　for　the　beat　of　his　early　writing。　At　the　ageof　fourteen　he　underwent　what　he　called　later　‘a　prolonged　religious　crisis’；　a　confusion　too　deepfor　tears；　but　not　for　prose。　‘I　then　discovered　God；　His　saints　and　angels；　and　His　blazing　Hell；’　hewrote；　‘I　suppose　Him　to　exist　only　within　the　wall　of　a　church　–　in　fact；　of　our　church　–　and　I　alsosupposed　that　God　and　safety　were　synonymous。’　At　this　point　Baldwin　became　a　preacher　too。　Heknew　that　something　important　happened　when　he　stood　up　and　entered　deeply　into　the　languageof　a　sermon。　People　listened；　they　clapped。　‘Amen；　Amen；’　they　said。　And　all　of　it　remained　withhim：　the　smell　of　church　wood　and　the　crying　out；　the　shimmer　of　tambourines；　the　heat　ofdamnation；　the　songs　of　the　Saved；　his　father’s　face；　and　the　New　York　world　outside　with　itswhite　people　downtown　who’d　say　‘Why　don’t　you　niggers　stay　uptown　where　you　belong？’　Butmore　than　anything　it　was　his　father’s　face。　‘In　my　mind’s　eye；’　hw　writes　in　Notes；　‘I　could　seehim；　sitting　at　the　window；　locked　up　in　his　terrors；　hating　and　fearing　every　living　soul　includinghis　children　who　had　betrayed　him；　too；　by　reaching　toward　the　world　which　had　despised　him。’
　　Some　novelists；　in　their　early　work　especially；　set　out　to　defeat　the　forts　of　invention：
　　they　refuse　to　make　anything　up。　Go　Tell　It　on　the　Mountain　is　James　Baldwin’s　first　novel；　ashadow…album　of　lived　experience；　the　lines　here　being　no　less　real　than　those　on　his　mother’sface。　For　Baldwin；　as　for　Proust；　there　is　something　grave　and　beautiful　and　religious　about　thelove　of　truth　itself；　and　something　of　sensual　joy　in　bringing　it　to　the　page。　Baldwin’s　career　as　anovelist　was　spent　walking　over　old　territory　with　ghosts。　Things　became　new　to　him　this　way。
　　‘Mountain　is　the　book　I　had　to　write　if　I　was　ever　going　to　write　anything　else；’　he　said　years　later。
　　‘I　had　to　deal　with　what　hurt　me　most。　I　had　to　deal　with　my　father。’
　　The　novel　is　centred　around　a　“tarry　service’　at　the　Temple　of　the　Fire　Baptised　in　Harlemin　1935。　Fourteen…year…old　John　Grimes；　dubious；　fearful；　and　already　bitter；　is　about　to　walk　thepath　to　salvation。　There　are　high　expectations　of　John；　‘to　be　a　good　example’；　and　to　‘ethrough’　to　the　Lord。　The　service　will　last　the　whole　night；　and　John　is　there　in　the　pany　of　theelder　‘saints’　of　the　church；　and　with　his　father　and　mother　and　Aunt　Florence。　There　is　a　strongsense　of　John　being　one　of　the　anointed；　but　we　absorb　his　slow；　terrible　doubts　about　himself。
　　Altogether　he　is　not　a　happy　child　on　this　special　night：
　　Something　happened　to　their　faces　and　their　voices；　the　rhythm　of　their　bodies；　and　tothe　air　they　breathed；　it　was　as　though　wherever　they　might　be　became　the　upper　room；　andthe　Holy　Ghost　were　riding　in　the　air。　His　father’s　face；　always　awful；　became　more　awfulnow；　his　father’s　daily　anger　was　transformed　into　prophetic　wrath。　His　mother；　her　eyesraised　to　heaven；　hands　arked　before　her；　moving；　made　real　for　John　that　patience；　thatendurance；　that　long　suffering；　which　he　had　read　in　the　Bible　and　found　so　hard　to　image。
　　Between　the　novel’s　opening　and　closing　–　the　beginning　of　the　service；　with　‘the　Lord　high　on　thewind　tonight’；　and　the　closing；　the　morning；　with　John　writhing　for　mercy　on　the　threshing　floor　infront　of　the　altar　–　we　read　the　stories　of　his　relatives：　Florence；　his　aunt；　Gabriel；　his　father；　andhis　mother　Elizabeth。　In　three　long　chapters　we　e　to　know　the　beliefs；　the　leave…takings；　theloves；　the　honour　and　dishonour；　that　had　made　up　the　lives　of　these　three　people；　lives　which　haveanimated　a　host　of　other　lives；　and　which；　by　and　by；　have　e　to　animate　the　life　of　John　Grimestoo。　There　are　secrets　in　the　novel；　as　they　emerge　in　a　beautiful；　disturbing　pattern；　uncoveredwords　speaking　clearly；　soulfully；　of　this　one　family’s　legacy　of　pain　and　silence。
　　In　Go　Tell　It　on　the　Mountain；　John　has　a　certain　dread　of　the　life　that　awaits　him；　he　feelsdoomed　and　he　dreams　of　escape。　He　has　made　decisions。　‘He　will　not　be　like　his　father；　or　hisfather’s　father。　He　would　have　another　life。’　It　might　be　said　that　this　has　been　a　vain　dream　ofartists　–　and　teenagers　–　since　the　beginning　of　time；　but　in　Baldwin　it　is　neither　vain　not　merely　adream；　for　John　Grimes　represents；　in　all　the　eloquence　of　his　wishes；　a　new　kind　of　American。　Hisfather’s　fathers　were　slaves。　John’s　father；　Gabriel；　is　free；　bur　he　is　expected　to　swear　allegianceto　the　flag　that　has　not　sworn　allegiance　to　him；　and　he　lives　in　a　racist　land。　On　this　front；Baldwin’s　America　was　to　bee　a　battleground；　but　John；　given　the　date　of　events　in　the　novel；can　never　be　a　Civil　Rights　cipher。　He　feels　guilty　for　failing　to　share　Gabriel’s　unambivalenthatred　of　white　people；　but　John　has　additional　freedoms　in　mind　–　freedom　from　the　localoppressions　of　Gabriel　being　first　among　them。　Go　Tell　It　on　the　Mountain　is　not　a　protest　novel；　itis　a　political　novel　of　the　human　heart。　White　men　may　be　evil；　but　they　are　not　the　beginning　northe　end　of　evil。　Baldwin　was　interested　at　this　point　in　corruption　at　the　first　level　of　legislativepower　–　the　family。
　　Baldwin　wrote　about　black　people。　He　did　not　write　novels　which　understood　the　lives　ofblack　people　only　in　terms　of　white　subjugation。　At　the　same　time　he　recognized　every　terror　ofsegregation；　and　Go　Tell　It　on　the　Mountain　is　a　shocking；　and　shockingly　quiet；　dramatization　ofwhat　segregation　meant　in　the　years　when　the　novel　is　set。　Early　on　we　see　John　contemplating　the　forbidden　world　inside　the　New　York　Public　Library；　a　world　of　corridors　and　marble　steps　and　noplace　for　a　boy　from　Harlem。　‘And　then　everyone；’　Baldwin　writes；　‘all　the　white　people　inside；would　know　that　he　was　not　used　to　great　buildings；　or　to　many　books；　and　they　would　look　at　himwith　pity。’　This　is　a　strong　thing　for　a　writer　to　remember；　or　to　imagine；　and　Baldwin　brings　it　tothe　page　with　a　sense　of　anger；　and　regret。　The　novel　is　marked　by　the　dark　presence　of　‘downhome’；　the　Old　South；　where　all　of　John’s　family　came　from　in　search　of　a　new　life。　This　wasBaldwin’s　primary　milieu：　the　Harlem　of　migrant　black　Americans；　bringing　with　them　the　storiesof　their　fathers　and　mothers；　one　generation　away　from　slavery。
　　This　Northerness　was　important　to　Baldwin。　It　was　the　world　he　knew　from　his　childhoodand　the　world　he　cared　most　about。　He　had　a　feeling　for　the　hopes　that　were　invested　in　the　journeyNorth　–　‘North；’　where；　as　Gabriel’s　mother　says；　‘wickedness　dwelt　and　Death　rode　mightythrough　the　streets’。　In　one　of　his　essays；　‘A　Fly　in　the　Buttermilk’；　Baldwin　wrote　of　anotherSoutherner’s　contempt　for　the　North；　a　man　he　tried　to　interview　for　a　piece　on　the　progress　ofCivil　Rights：　‘He　forced　me　to　admit；　at　once；　that　I　had　never　been　to　college；　that　NorthernNegroes　lived　herded　together；　like　pigs　in　a　pen；　that　the　campus　on　which　we　met　was　a　tribute　tothe　industry　and　determination　of　Southern　Negroes。　“Negroes　in　the　South　form　a　munity。”　’
　　Baldwin’s　sensibility；　his　talent　for　moral　ambivalence；　his　taste　for　the　terrifying　patternsof　life；　the　elegant　force　of　his　disputatious　spirit；　as　much　Henry　James　as　Bessie　Smith；　was　notalways　to　find　favour　with　his　black　contemporaries。　Langston　Hughes　called　Go　Tell　It　to　theMountain　‘a　low…down　story　in　a　velvet　bag’。　‘A　Joan　of　Arc　of　the　cocktail　party’　was　AmiriBaraka’s　ment　on　Baldwin。　Some　of　this　could　be　constructed　as　standard　resentment　–reminiscent　of　the　kind　expressed　by　Gabriel　towards　John　for　not　hating　whites　enough　–　andsome　was　a　reaction　against　Baldwin’s　popularity　with　the　white　literary　establishment。　But　thatwasn’t　all。　By　the　time　he　was　writing　novels；　and　writing　these　essays　–　works　of　magical　powerand　directness　–　Baldwin　had　e　to　feel　that　the　black　‘protest’　novel　was　breathlesslyredundant。　In　a　recent　essay　about　Baldwin’s　writing；　the　novelist　Darryl　Pinckney　ments　onBaldwin’s　rejection　of　Richard　Wright；　the　author　of　Native　Son：
　　In　retrospect　Baldwin　praises　Wright’s　work　for　its　dry；　savage　folkloric　humour　andfor　how　deeply　it　conveys　what　life　was　like　on　Chicago’s　South　Side。　The　climate　that　hadonce　made　Wright’s　work　read　like　a　racial　manifesto　had　gone。　Baldwin　found　whenreading　Wright　again　that　he　did　not　think　of　the　1930s　or　even　of　Negroes；　because　Wright’scharacters　and　situations　had　universal　meanings。
　　In　‘Alas；　Poor　Richard’；　an　essay　in　the　collection　Nobody　Knows　My　Name；　Baldwin　concludesthat　Wright　was　not　the　polemical　firebrand　he　took　himself　to　be。　Many　of　Baldwin’s　blackcontemporaries　hated　this　view。
　　Baldwin’s　first　novel；　in　respect　of　all　this；　demonstrates　a　remarkable　unit　of　form　andcontent；　the　style　of　the　novel　makes　clear　the　extent　to　which　he　was　turning　away　from　hisliterary　forefathers。　It　may　be　sensible　to　see　the　novel　as　a　farewell　not　only　the　Harlem　of　hisfather；　but　to　the　literary　influence　of　Richard　Wright　and　Uncle　Tom’s　Cabin。　Baldwin　was　unremitting　on　this　point；　and　these　several　goodbyes；　offered　from　his　Paris　exile；　became　thecreed　of　his　early　writing。　‘In　most　of　the　novels　written　by　Negroes　until　today；’　he　wrote；　‘thereis　a　great　space　where　sex　ought　to　be；　and　what　usually　fills　this　space　is　violence。’
　　Go　Tell　It　on　the　Mountain　is　a　very　sensual　novel；　a　book　soaked　in　the　Bible　and　theblues。　Spiritual　song　is　there　in　the　sentences；　at　the　head　of　chapters；　and　it　animates　the　voices　onevery　side　during　the　‘ing　through’　of　John　Grimes。　As　he　steps　up　to　the　altar　John　issuddenly　aware　of　the　sound　of　his　own　prayers　–　‘trying　not　to　hear　the　words　that　he　forcedoutwards　from　his　throat’。　Baldwin’s　language　has　the　verbal　simplicity　of　the　Old　Testament；　aswell　as　its　metaphorical　boldness。　The　rhythms　of　the　blues；　a　shade　of　regret；　a　note　of　pain　risingout　of　experience；　are　deeply　inscribed　in　the　novel；　and　they　travel　freely　along　the　lines　ofdialogue。　There　is　a　kind　of　metaphorical；　liturgical　energy　in　some　novels　–　in　Faulkner’s　TheSound　and　the　Fury；　in　Joyce’s　Portrait　of　the　Artist　as　a　Young　Man；　in　Elizabeth　Smart’s　ByGrand　Central　Station　I　Sat　Down　and　Wept；　in　Toni　Morrison’s　Beloved　–　which　is　utterlyessential　to　the　art。　It　may　seem　at　first　overpowering；　to　waft　in　the　air　like　perfume；　or　to　have　thetexture　of　Langston　Hughes’s　velvet　bag；　but　it　is；　in　each　of　the　cases；　and　especially　in　the　caseof　Baldwin’s　first　novel；　a　matter　of　straightforward　literary　integrity。　Every　word　is　necessary。
　　Every　image　runs　clear　in　the　blood　of　the　novel。
　　Take　John’s　mother　Elizabeth。　Look　at　the　shape　of　her　thoughts　on　the　page；　as　broughtout　in　Baldwin’s　third…person　narrative：
　　‘I　sure　don’t　care　what　God　don’t　like；　or　you；　either；’　Elizabeth　heart　replied。　‘I’mgoing　away　from　here。　He’s　going　to　e　and　get　me；　and　I’m　going　away　from　here。’
　　‘He’　was　her　father；　who　never　came。　As　the　years　passed　she　replied　only：　‘I’m　goingaway　from　here。’　And　it　hung；　this　determination；　like　a　heavy　jewel　between　her　breasts；　itwas　written　in　fire　on　the　dark　sky　of　her　mind。　But；　yes　–　there　was　something　she　hadoverlooked。　Pride　goeth　before　destruction；　and　a　haughty　spirit　before　a　fall。　She　had　notknown　this：　she　had　not　imagined　that　she　could　fall。
　　When　reading　this　novel　I　am　always　aware　of　the　charge　that　sex　gives　to　religion；　a　bond　thenovel　explores　and　confirms。　We　think　of　Baldwin　as　a　figure　of　the　1960s；　a　literary　embodimentof　outrage　in　the　face　of　American　segregation；　but　actually；　Baldwin；　in　his　novels；　writes　more　ofsex　and　sin　than　he　does　of　Civil　Rights。　Gabriel；　a　preacher　speaking　fiery　words　from　the　pulpit；is　actually　a　secret　sinner；　fallen　in　ways　that　are　known　to　his　sister　Florence；　and　known　to　hiswife　Elizabeth　too。　When　younger；　‘he　drank　until　hammers　rang　in　his　distant　skull；　he　cursed　hisfriends　and　his　enemies；　and　fought　until　blood　ran　down；　in　the　morning　he　found　himself　in　mud；in　clay；　in　strange　beds；　and　once　or　twice　in　jail；　his　mouth　sour；　his　clothes　in　rags；　from　all　ofhim　rising　the　stink　of　his　corruption’。
　　The　novel　tells　the　story　of　how　John　es　to　know　this。　Gabriel　uses　the　church　not　toraise　but　to　conceal　his　true　character：　his　hypocrisy　is　everywhere　around　him；　and　nowhere　morethan　in　the　minds　of　the　women　who　had　suffered　him；　and　increasingly；　too；　in　the　mind　of　John；his　‘bastard’　son。　Florence’s　lover　Frank　was　similarly　corrupt；　yet　he；　at　least；　in　‘the　brutality　of　his　penitence’；　tried　to　make　it　up　to　Florence。　It　is　John’s　terrible　fate　–　and　everyone　else’s　–　thatGabriel　can　neither　inspire　forgiveness　nor　redeem　himself。　He　goes　on　with　his　lying。　He　inspiredfear。　He　is　hated。
　　Novels　about　the　sins　of　men　often　turn　out　to　be　novels　about　the　courage　of　women。
　　Florence；　Elizabeth；　Deborah；　and　the　tragic　Esther；　who　is　made　pregnant　by　Gabriel　and　sentaway　to　die；　are　the　novel’s　moral　retainers；　keeping　faith　with　humanity；　whilst　all　around　themFaith　rides　on　his　dark　horse；　cutting　down　hope　and　charity。　Florence　says　som