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VB2008从入门到精通(PDF格式英文版)-第64部分
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' by using the '*' as shown here:
'
Notice that all of the assembly descriptors are declared as attributes。 The bolded
attributes reference the version of the assembly。 By adjusting these attributes; you can tweak
which assembly is loaded; as explained in more detail in the uping “Versioning Assemblies”
section。
To load a specific assembly; you need to create an assembly name; like this:
Dim assemblyName As AssemblyName = New AssemblyName(value)
Dim assembly As Assembly = Assembly。Load(assemblyName)
Dim obj As Object = assembly。CreateInstance(info。TypeName)
The variable value contains the precise identifier of the assembly and is passed as a
constructor parameter to AssemblyName。 The resulting AssemblyName instance is passed to the
method Assembly。Load(); which loads the assembly。 The instantiation of the type follows the
same sequence as previously outlined。
Note that there is no indication of where the assembly is located。 The default locations that
are probed are the local working directory of the executing process and the GAC。
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■Note For more details about assembly loading; see Pro VB 2008 and the 3。5 Platform; Third Edition
by Andrew Troelsen (Apress; 2008)。
Relocating a Strongly Named Assembly to the GAC
Besides having the ability to tweak which assembly is loaded; another reason to use the precise
assembly name is to have the ability to load an assembly from the GAC。 The GAC is a place where
assemblies can be placed to have global shared access。 Think of the GAC as the WindowsSystem32
directory of the environment。 The precise location for the GAC is c:windowsassembly。
Even though the GAC is just another directory; you should not just delete and add assemblies
there; as you would with any other directory。 To delete a file from the GAC; use the context
sensitive Uninstall menu item (in Windows Explorer right…click the assembly you want to
uninstall and select Uninstall)。
To add an assembly to the GAC; use the utility gacutil; which is distributed with the
SDK (not with Visual Basic Express)。 You can locate it at C:Program FilesMicrosoft SDKs
Windowsv6。0Bin or similar。 Add this directory to your path so that you can run gacutil anywhere。
The following mand lines demonstrate how to add the Definitions and
Implementations2 assemblies to the GAC (assuming the files implementations2。dll and
definitions。dll reside in the current directory)。
gacutil /I definitions。dll
gacutil /I implementations2。dll
Remember to add Definitions; because Implementations2 depends on Definitions。
Failing to add Definitions will generate gacutil errors。
ORGANIZING DYNAMIC CODE
If you are going to place files in the GAC; don’t use the techniques demonstrated in this book when doing a
production release。 The techniques discussed in this book are meant for developers; and only developers。 The
techniques are shortcuts that assume you know what the dependencies are and are aware of what you are
doing。 For distribution purposes; use the Microsoft Windows Installer application to install files into the GAC。
When writing dynamic code; the idea is to separate and pletely partmentalize the development
of the ponent and the caller of the ponent。 Thus; you should not develop both pieces in the same
project。 Create separate projects and have them working with test routines。 Then; at runtime; bine the
functionalities; and everything should work (that is; if you properly tested your code)。
Using Version Numbers
Version numbers are a way of being able to control the features and robustness of an applica
tion。 In the packaged software market; the concept of the version number has nearly disappeared。
For example; consider Microsoft’s operating system versions: Windows 95; Window 98;
Windows XP; Windows 2000; Windows Vista; and so on。
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334 CH AP T E R 1 2 ■ L E A R N I N G A B OU T A PP L I CA TI O N CO N F I G U R AT IO N AN D D Y N A M I C L O AD I N G
In open source software; version numbers are used extensively and are considered very
important。 Yes; the version numbers resemble a lottery ticket; but they do follow a convention。
Understanding the convention makes it easier to select open source packages。 And more
important; applying this versioning strategy makes it simpler to understand your assemblies。
Understanding Version Numbers
Let’s say you want to download the open source program Capivara (a Java file manager and
synchronization program)。 You see the version number 0。8。3。 The version number contains
three parts:
Major number: The major number is 0 in the example。 If the software has not reached the
number 1; the version is considered a beta。 But often; a beta identifier does not mean
the version is unusable。 Changing the major version number indicates a major change
of functionality。 This means what worked in version 1 may not work with version 2。 An
example is the Apache HTTPD server project; where the 1。x and 2。x series are two different
implementations。
Minor number: The minor number is 8 in the example。 It is used to define minor function
ality changes in a piece of software。 Changing the minor number (such as 7 to 8) indicates
new features; but old functionality is supported。 A change may include bug fixes or patches。
Patch number: The path number is 3 in the example。 It is used to define a patched version
of the software that has bug fixes or other changes。 The changes do not include features;
and the functionality does not change。
When you attempt to download an open source package; you are typically confronted with
multiple versions。 For example; you might see the version numbers 4。23 and 4。29 (beta)。 Because
most people want the latest and greatest; they might be tempted to download 4。29。 But remember
that open source projects make multiple versions available。 In the example; you should down
load version 4。23; because 4。29 is a beta that may or may not work。 Version 4。23 is considered
stable and therefore usable。
The open source munity will often use the following terminology when releasing
software。
o Stable: A version that can be used in a production environment and should not crash。
o Unstable: A version that should not be used in production。 It will probably work; but
have some crashes。
o Nightly: A version with all bets off; meaning that the version may or may not work。 The
reason for using a nightly build is to monitor progress and check specific issues。 Such a
version is not intended for consumer consumption; it is intended solely for developers。
o Alpha : A version that demonstrates the concepts that will make up a future version of the
software。 However; in alpha versions; what was available one day might be gone the
next day。
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Versioning Assemblies
assembly version numbers are different from those used for open source packages。 The
following is an example of versioning an assembly。
The attributes AssemblyVersion and AssemblyFileVersion can be added anywhere in the
assembly or application。 In Visual Basic Express; most likely the attributes are added to the file
AssemblyInfo。vb。
The versions of the file have four significant parts。 From left to right; these are major
version; minor version; build number; and revision。 The build number can represent a daily
build number; but this is not required。 The revision identifier can represent a random number;
but this is not required either。 For my assemblies; I use a revision number of 0; and consider the
build number as a patch number。
Visual Basic Express has a built…in mechanism that automatically updates the build and
revision numbers。 Here; the asterisk represents the auto…increment:
Alternatively; you can use a versioning tool; or you can increment the numbers manually。
The gacutil tool can be executed multiple times with multiple versions; as shown in Figure 12…4。
■Note For more information about using versioning tools; see this blog entry about auto…incrementing
assembly versions: http://weblogs。asp/bradleyb/archive/2005/12/02/432150。aspx。
Figure 12…4。 An assembly added three times to the GAC with three different versions
In Figure 12…4; the assembly VersioningAssembly has been added three times to the GAC
with three different versions (1。0。0。0; 1。1。0。0; an d 1。2。0。0)。 With the GAC in this state; an appli
cation or another assembly has the option to reference three different versions of the same
assembly。
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For an application or assembly to use another assembly; you create a reference。 When the
application or assembly is piled; a specific version number of the assembly is referenced。
For example; if a reference to the version 1。1。0。0 of VersioningAssembly is defined; then version
1。1。0。0 of the assembly is loaded。
Adding an Assembly Redirection to a Configuration File
Let’s say an application or assembly needs to use a new version of the VersioningAssembly
assembly。 To make the application or assembly aware of the new assembly; you update the
application or assembly configuration file that references the old assembly。 The configuration
file update includes an assembly redirection。 Essentially; what the redirection says is that if a
certain version of an assembly is requested; the new version should be loaded。 The following is
an example of an assembly redirection。
This configuration file includes an assemblyBinding XML element that defines a collection
of assemblies that will be affected。 The collection of assemblies is embedded within the
dependentAssembly element。 Within the dependentAssembly element are two child elements:
assemblyIdentity and bindingRedirect。 The assemblyIdentity element is used to identity the
assembly for which a reference will be redirected。
The bindingRedirect element contains two attributes: oldVersion and newVersion。 The
oldVersion attribute identifies the version of the old assembly in the calling assembly or appli
cation。 If the specified version of the old assembly is found; the newVersion attribute is used to
identify which assembly version should be used instead。 In the example; the old version is 1。1。0。0;
and the new version is 1。2。0。0。 The new version has an incremented minor number; indicating
a new version of an assembly。 However; the binding redirection does not care whether the
newVersion attribute references a newer version or an older version。 The version identifiers
identified by the attributes newVersion and oldVersion are just that: identifiers。
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Implementing a Shared Typed Convention…Based
Architecture
There has been quite a bit of talk in the software munity about convention over configu
ration。 Most of this talk began in earnest with the development of Ruby on Rails (http://
rubyonrails。org/)。 Ruby on Rails (Rails for short) is a tool that allows people to very
quickly create web sites that provide useful functionality。
Many attribute the success of Rails to its use of convention over configuration。 Some say
it is the Ruby language。 Others say it is because Rails is a professional product。 I believe it’s a
bination of factors; but the convention over configuration angle does play an important role。
Let’s go back to the problem of loading code dynamically; or for that matter; executing
code dynamically。 How much do you expect the programmer to know; and how much do you
expect the programmer to guess? Consider this code:
Interface IDefinition
End Interface
Sub DoIt(ByVal def As IDefinition)
' Do Something with def
End Sub
In the code; you can see an interface IDefinition and a method DoIt(); with a parameter
of type IDefinition。 This creates a contract where to call DoIt(); you need to pass an instance
of type IDefinition。
Is it correct to assume that the dynamic loading of a type can fulfill the contr
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