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VB2008从入门到精通(PDF格式英文版)-第76部分

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                     So how does this work? I write code to fulfill two criteria: minimal to solve the task and general enough  

               to not restrict further usage。 So I don’t actually design for code reuse; and I don’t have code reuse on my mind。  

               What I have on my mind is to design code in such a way that it could potentially be reused。 

                     Let’s look at that code that could have solved the frequency problem previously。 



               Dim splitUpText() as String = lineOfText。Split(New Char() { 〃 〃c }) 

               frequency(Integer。Parse(splitUpText(0))) += 1 

               frequency(Integer。Parse(splitUpText(1))) += 1 

               。 。 。 



                     Is this code efficient? No; even though the lines of code are minimal; the code itself is not efficient。 If I  

               wanted to use the same code to perform another frequency analysis; which could happen; I would need to  

               copy and paste yet again; and thus the code is not efficient。  

                     Is this code general enough to be used in another context? Absolutely not; because to reuse the code;  

               you would need to copy and paste it; and do some slight alterations。  

                     This is an excellent example of code that can be written very quickly and is very effectively used by copying  

               and pasting it everywhere。 You are productive and can solve a problem quickly; but it cannot be easily extended or  

               maintained。 Imagine finding a bug and having copied and pasted the code ten times。 That would mean you  

               would need to find the ten different locations and see if the bug exists in those different locations。 



            Using LINQ 



            To find the frequency of a specific number; you don’t need to use LINQ。 In fact; LINQ can  

            always be avoided by using Visual Basic code。 So then why use LINQ? The reason is that LINQ  

            makes it easier for you to write plicated search queries that are agnostic of the source。 An  

            example is two versions of the code used to solve the frequency problem: one that is not reus

            able and one that is reusable。 The code that is not reusable is the query without LINQ; and the  

            reusable code is the query with LINQ。 

                  So let’s look at the frequency code that is not reusable。 


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                                                                CH AP T E R   1 5   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   L I N Q 403 



Function FrequencyOfANumberNotReusable(ByVal numberToSearch As Integer) _ 

  As Integer 

    Dim runningTotal As Integer = 0 

    For Each aTicket as Ticket in _tickets 

        If aTicket。Numbers(0) = numberToSearch OrElse _ 

          aTicket。Numbers(1) = numberToSearch OrElse _ 

          aTicket。Numbers(2) = numberToSearch OrElse _ 

          aTicket。Numbers(3) = numberToSearch OrElse _ 

          aTicket。Numbers(4) = numberToSearch OrElse _ 

          aTicket。Numbers(5) = numberToSearch Then 

            runningTotal += 1 

        End If 

    Next 

    Return runningTotal 

End Function 



     Notice the similarity of the code to the code presented in Chapter 9。 The problem with this  

code is that you are iterating and solving a particular problem。 The code cannot be easily adapted  

to solving another problem。 

     The reusable code is in the form of a LINQ expression: 



    Private Function FrequencyOfANumber(ByVal numberToSearch As Integer) As Integer 

        Dim query = From ticket In _tickets _ 

                        Where ticket。Numbers(0) = numberToSearch _ 

                        Or ticket。Numbers(1) = numberToSearch _ 

                        Or ticket。Numbers(2) = numberToSearch _ 

                        Or ticket。Numbers(3) = numberToSearch _ 

                        Or ticket。Numbers(4) = numberToSearch _ 

                        Or ticket。Numbers(5) = numberToSearch _ 

                        Select ticket。Numbers 

        Return query。Count() 

    End Function 



     The LINQ expression uses many constructs similar to a SQL SELECT statement。 Here are  

the basic rules of LINQ: 



     o All LINQ queries must have a data source (From)。 



     o All LINQ queries must have a filter (Where); however; if the filter does not exist; an auto

       matic include…everything filter is implied。 



     o All LINQ queries must have a resulting dataset creator (Select)。 



     To execute a LINQ expression; you need a data source。 The data source could be an object  

list; an XML document; or even a relational database table。 In the example; the data source is  

an object list and is defined using the From statement: 



From ticket In _tickets 


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404       CH AP T E R   1 5   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   L I N Q 



                Looking at the From statement; you could get the idea that it is a  For Each statement without  

          the types。 Indeed; the iteration happens only when you actually try to use the result of the LINQ  

          query。 The From statement is saying to iterate the data source and assign each element (a Ticket) to  

          the variable ticket。 Note; however; that there is no explicit type information; which is one of  

          the strengths of LINQ—you have the ability to easily slice and dice data to suit your needs。 

               As you retrieve each item; you want to verify whether the item matches your needs。 If you  

          look at the code that isn’t reusable; you’ll see that it checks this with an If statement。 In LINQ;  

          you use the Where statement; which is similar to its SQL equivalent。 With the Where statement;  

          you test to see if the item matches your criteria。 In our case; we check each number in the  

          Ticket instance to see if it matches the number we’re currently seeking。 

                If the Where returns True; we have a match and we will want to do something。 In the code  

          that isn’t reusable; that means incrementing the runningTotal integer。 In LINQ; the aim is to  

          filter the data source (_tickets in our case); and thus the  Select statement is used to create a  

          new result set of drawn numbers。 This result set contains all of the draws with the number we’re  

          looking for (numberToSearch); and if the draws are counted; we can get the frequency of that  

          number; which we then return。 

                Let’s look at the LINQ that could be used to find the frequency of two numbers being drawn。 



           Function FrequencyOfTwoNumbers(ByVal number1ToSearch As Integer; _ 

                                             ByVal number2ToSearch As Integer) As Integer 

              Dim query = From ticket2 In _ 

                              (From ticket In _tickets _ 

                              Where ticket。Numbers(0) = number1ToSearch  _ 

                               Or ticket。Numbers(1) = number1ToSearch _ 

                               Or ticket。Numbers(2) = number1ToSearch   _ 

                               Or ticket。Numbers(3) = number1ToSearch _ 

                               Or ticket。Numbers(4) = number1ToSearch  _ 

                               Or ticket。Numbers(5) = number1ToSearch _ 

                              Select ticket) _ 

                          Where ticket2。Numbers(0) = number2ToSearch _ 

                          Or ticket2。Numbers(1) = number2ToSearch _ 

                          Or ticket2。Numbers(2) = number2ToSearch  _ 

                          Or ticket2。Numbers(3) = number2ToSearch _ 

                          Or ticket2。Numbers(4) = number2ToSearch  _ 

                          Or ticket2。Numbers(5) = number2ToSearch _ 

                          Select ticket2。Numbers 

              Return query。Count() 

           End Function 



                The LINQ statement is a concatenation of two LINQ queries; where one LINQ query is  

          bolded。 When the query is executed; the embedded query is executed and generates a result  

          set。 The result set is a data source on which the outer and second query operates; which then  

          generates another result set。 

               You do not need to embed LINQ queries as in the preceding code。 You could write functions  

          and embed the result of a LINQ query as the data source of another LINQ query。 The power of  

          LINQ is that you can; in theory; arbitrarily embed many queries within other queries; since you  

          are creating a filtering mechanism where one result set is the data source of another query。 


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                                                                   CH AP T E R   1 5   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   L I N Q 405 



■Note  LINQ’s strength is in its ability to slice and dice data to find the information that you want (which is  

easy because it is data source–agnostic)。 LINQ requires more resources than similar Visual Basic code in  

longhand format。 But the benefit you get with LINQ is reusable code that you can maintain。 



     In the preceding section; we used LINQ to solve the frequency problem in a manner that  

promoted reusability。 For example; if you wanted to find out more statistics of the lottery draws; all  

you would need to do is write more LINQ statements that sliced and diced the existing list  

of lottery draws。 It would require adding only the method calls to the IExtendedProcessor。 

Destroy() method。 However; let’s consider the problem solved and think about what else can  

be done with LINQ。  



Learning More LINQ Tricks 



LINQ is not the only way to filter data。 Associated with LINQ are a number of extension methods  

that can be applied to lists。 For example; to filter for the frequency of a particular number; the  

following code could also have been used。 



    Function FrequencyOfANumber(ByVal numberToSearch As Integer) As Integer 

        Dim query = _tickets。Where( _ 

                                   Function(ticket; index) _ 

                ticket。Numbers(0) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(1) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(2) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(3) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(4) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(5) = numberToSearch) 

        Return query。Count() 

    End Function 



     The ideas of LINQ that include From; Where; and Select are not lost; they just have not been  

used。 The From part is the _tickets variable itself。 The Where part is the method Where(); and the  

Select part is a default selection of the currently selected node。  

     To specify an action with Where(); you use a lambda expression; which has two parame

ters: the object and the index of the object。 The lambda expression expects that you return a  

Boolean value indicating whether the ticket item should be added to a returned list。 

     LINQ is a syntax that wraps SQL…like text。 LINQ is much easier to understand and program  

than using the method…call syntax of the previous example。 Using the methods gives you more  

flexibility; but they also are more plicated to write。 

     For example; if you wanted to find the frequency of two numbers in a list; you could use  

this code: 


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406       CH AP T E R   1 5   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   L I N Q 



               Function FrequencyOfTwoNumbersList(ByVal number1ToSearch As Integer ; _ 

                                                  ByVal number2ToSearch As Integer) As Integer 

                   Dim query = _tickets。Where( _ 

                                              Function(ticket; index) _ 

                           ticket。Numbers(0) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(1) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(2) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(3) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(4) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(5) = number1ToSearch)。Where( _ 

                                              Function(ticket; index) _ 

                           ticket。Numbers(0) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(1) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(2) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(3) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(4) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(5) = number2ToSearch) 

                   Return query。Count() 

               End Function 



                In the code; the bolded line demonstrates how the output of one method can serve as the  

           input for another method。 This chaining of methods works because the list method returns  

           other lists。 Thus; you could add multiple criteria by concatenating multiple Where() method calls。 

                The methods are used to filter or manipulate the set where the details of the method are  

           provided by a lambda expression。 Table 15…1 briefly describes some of the useful methods that  

           you can use to filter and manipulate a list。 The best way to learn about all of the methods is to  

           use Visual Basic Express; declare a list; and use IntelliSense to discover the different methods  

           available。 Also; see http://msdn2。microsoft。/en…us/vbasic/bb688088。aspx for many exam

           ples that demonstrate the various list…manipulation methods。 



           Table 15…1。 Some Methods for Filtering and Manipulating Lists 



           Method              Description 



           Aggregate()         Returns a fact about the list。 A fact could be how many even numbers there are  

                               or the frequency of a particular number。 All of the elements in the list are iterated  

                               and returned as a single fact; not as a list。 



           All()               Iterates all elements of the list and tests according to a lambda expression;  

                               where a True or False is returned。 For example; the test could be to find out if all  

                               objects have a value greater than 10。 The test needs to return only a True or  

                               False value for the individual object; where the All() method will correlate the  

                               results and return a True or  Fal
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